front 5 Stress causes: hypertrophy | back 5 Duration and magnitude of the stress is progressively increased |
| back 6 - History portion of clinical examination (patient describes what
happened)
- Macrotrauma
- microtrauma
|
front 7 MOI: Macrotrauma
Microtrauma § Occurs with repeated submaximal forces
over time, and the tissues are unable to adapt | back 7 Occurs when a single force exceeds the tissue’s failure point |
| back 8 Occurs with repeated submaximal forces over time, and the tissues are
unable to adapt |
| back 9 - Longitudinal “tearing”
stress - Muscles,
tendons,
ligaments and fascia are prone - Dynamic
overload
- Muscle is contracting
eccentrically while
an antagonistic force attempts to elongate the
muscle. |
| back 10 - tensile forces
- compression forces
- shear
forces
- torsion forces
- direct blow
|
front 11 Soft tissue pathology: strutures | back 11 - Muscles and tendons
- Skin
- Joint capsules
- Ligaments
- Nerve
- Bursae
|
front 12 Soft tissue pathology: cause | back 12 - Loss of motion
- Decreased strength
- Decrease
volitional control
- Create joint instability
|
front 13 Musculotendinous Injuries: Partial muscle or tendon tears | back 13 - Affects the muscle’s ability to generate or sustain
tension
- Decreased force production
|
| back 14 - Noncontact injuries of the
musculotendinous unit
- Caused by
- Tensile forces
- Dynamic overload
- Eccentric muscle contraction
- (Example:
Lowering a weight).
|
| back 15 Inflammation of the structures encased within the tendon’s
outer layer |
| back 16 - Degenerative condition
- Little evidence of healing
- Most common at the bony attachment
- More
prevalent than
tendinitis (but often occur together) |
front 17 Mechanisms Leading to Tendinopathy: Microtrauma | back 17 - Repetitive tensile loading, compression, and abrasion of the
working tendons
- insufficient rest periods = accumulation of
themicrotrauma ==> tendon failure.
|
front 18 Mechanisms Leading to Tendinopathy: Macrotrauma | back 18 - A single force placed on the muscle, discrete tearing within
the tendon or at the musculotendinous junction.
- area
becomes the weak link
- forces of otherwise
normal
activity are sufficient to cause further
inflammation. |
front 19 Mechanisms Leading to Tendinopathy: Biomechanic Alteration | back 19 - redistribution of
the forces around a joint, => new
tensile loads, compressive forces, or wearing of the tendons.
- Ex. running on uneven terrain or using poor technique
|
| back 20 - Soft tissue injuries resulting from direct blows
- Capillary bleeding and breakdown of hemoglobin
- Dark
purple and blue
- Superficial bone contusions are more
painful
- Eliminate underlying injuries
- Fractures
- Superficial nerve damage
- Treatment
- Ice, gentle stretching, and padding
|
| back 21 fluid-filled sacs that buffer tissues from friction-causing
structures to facilitate smooth motion |
| back 22 - inflammation of the bursae
- Caused by
- Disease
state
- Increased stress
- Friction
- Traumatic force
- only palpable when
inflamed
|
front 23 Heterotropic Ossification | back 23 - Formation of bone within a muscle belly’s fascia
- Occurs secondary to traumatic injury
- MRI—identifies intramuscular hematoma
- Aspirate to
restore function
- Commonly occurs in
- Quadriceps femoris
- Hip adductor group
- Biceps brachii
- Can lead to compartment
syndrome
- ROM is usually affected
|
front 24 Compartment Syndromes: Acute | back 24 - Result from trauma (contusions
and fractures
- Considered medical
emergency(absent pulse= immediate
danger) |
front 25 Compartment Syndromes: Chronic | back 25 - exertional/recurrent
compartment syndromes - Occurs
during exercise;
muscles enlarge but compartment cannot
expand - Leg and forearm
compartments
common locations |
front 26 Compartment Syndromes: Signs and Symptoms | back 26 - Pain, numbness, or paresthesia in the distal extremity
|
front 27 Compartment Syndromes: Five P's | back 27 - Pain
- Pallor (redness)
- Pulselessness
- Paresthesia
- Paralysis
|
| back 28 - Joint is forced beyond anatomical limits.
- Stretching
or tearing of ligaments or capsule
- Ligaments
in capsule = produce more swelling.
|
| back 29 - First degree (little stretched, firm end-point, local pain+mild
point)
- Second Degree (partial tearing, joint laxity, softish,
mod. pain+swelling)
- Third degree (ruptured ligament, gross
laxity, empty end point, complete loss of function)
|
| back 30 - Disassociation of thejoint’s articulatingsurfaces
- Obvious deformity
- Open dislocation
- Joint
surfaces protrudethrough the skin.
- Joint
reduction should beperformed ASAP
|
| back 31 - Subtle chronic instability
- Joint surfaces that
partially separate
- Joint that dislocates and
spontaneously
reduces |
| back 32 - Inflammation of a joint’s capsule
- Secondary to
existing inflammation thatspreads to the synovial membrane
- Synovial membrane—membrane lining a fluid-filledjoint
- “Bogginess” within the
joint
- Patient holds joint stressless position
|
| back 33 - Result of bacterial infection on the skin’s connective
tissue
- Immediately refer to a physician
- Antibiotics
- Possible hospitalization
|
front 34 Cellulitis: Sign and Symptoms | back 34 - Edema
- Redness
- Tightening of the skin
- No outward leakage of pus
|
front 35 Articular Surface Pathology | back 35 - Hyaline cartilage
- Found on the articular surface of
bones (withstand compressive
+shearing forces) - Acutely
injured or degenerative changes
- Irreversible, results in
chronic joint pain
|
front 36 Articular Surface Pathology: Signs and Symptoms | back 36 - Chronic joint pain
- Dysfunction
|
front 37 Osteochondral Defects (OCD) | back 37 Result from trauma or softening of bone |
| back 38 - Affects patients younger than 15 years of age
- Adult—over 15 years of age
|
front 39 Osteochondritis dissecans | back 39 - Bony fragment—stable or free-floating
- Signs and
symptoms
- Pain
- Loss of ROM
- Decreased
function
- “Joint locking”
|
| back 40 - Degeneration of a joint’s articular surface
- Osteoarthritis is most common type found in
athletes
- Affects weight-bearing joints
|
| back 41 - Autoimmune condition that affects the articular
cartilage
of multiple joints - Joint appears to be hard and
nodular
|
front 42 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | back 42 - (6 months–16 years of
age) - Unexplained joint pain
and swelling
- Joint rashes and high fever
|
| back 43 - Growth of extraneous
bone at the site of stress
- Stress reaction
- Irregular forces
- Signs and symptoms
- Painful
- May limit
movement
|
| back 44 - Inflammatory condition
involving a bone’s
growth plate - Tightness of muscles or
repetitive
forces applied to the bone - Inflammation/separation
of
muscle and bone |
front 45 Apophysitis: History of rapid growth spurt | back 45 - Muscular tissues fail
to adapt to the new
bone length - apply increased
stress to growth
plate. |
| back 46 Fracture that fails to heal within 9 months of expected time required |
| back 47 Healed fractures that are in a medically unacceptable position |
| back 48 - Tearing away of a
ligament or tendon’s bony
attachment - Forceful muscle
contraction |
front 49 Avulsion Fractures: Signs and Symptoms | back 49 - Obvious deformity
- Pain
- Tenderness
|
| back 50 - Entrapment injuries
- Common at ankle, elbow,
wrist, and cervical spine
- Entrapped by tissue or
swelling
|
front 51 Peripheral Nerve Injury: Signs and symptoms | back 51 - Dysfunction
- Paresthesia
- Muscular
weakness
|
front 52 Neurovascular Pathologies | back 52 - Trauma to nerves, arteries, and veins
- Caused by
- Joint dislocations
- Bony displacement
- Concussive forces
- Compartment syndromes
- Can lead to loss of affected body part or loss of
function
|
front 53 Stress Fractures: Fatigue fracture | back 53 - bone suspected to high, repeated submaximal stresses
- sudden changes to frequency, intensity, and duration
|
front 54 Stress Fractures: Insufficiency fracture | back 54 abnormally weak bones = subjected to normal forces |