front 1 pelvic girdle | back 1 ring shaped bones connecting the vertebral column to the femurs, structurally stable, gender differences |
front 2 primary function of pelvic girdle | back 2 bearing load upper body & transfers to lower body, provide muscle attachments for walking/posture/abdominal wall, protects viscera/support for pregnancy/attachment site for genitalia/forms pelvic floor |
front 3 female pelvis | back 3 inlet larger & more circular, shallower and bones lighter, hip bones flare wider, sacrum is shorter/less curved, pubic arch more rounded with greater angle |
front 4 coxa valga | back 4 >125 degrees |
front 5 coxa vara | back 5 <125 degrees |
front 6 sacroilliac joint (SI) | back 6 articulation of the auricular (ear-shaped) surfaces of sacrum and ilium, SYNOVIAL JOINT (ANTERIOR) & SYNDESMOSIS JOINT (POSTERIOR) |
front 7 sacroilliac joint (SI) function | back 7 slight gliding and rotary movements, little mobility secondary to interlocking of bones & thick surrounding ligaments, transmits weight of body to hip joints |
front 8 trochanteric bursa | back 8 separates gluteus maximus from greater trochanter |
front 9 gluteofemoral bursa | back 9 separates the iliotibial tract from superior part of proximal attachment of vastus lateralis |
front 10 ischial bursa | back 10 separates inferior part of gluteus maximus from ischial tuberosity; often absent |
front 11 gluteus maximus | back 11 most superficial gluteal muscle, largest muscle in group with coarsest fibers, pads ischial tuberosities when hips are extended/not flexed, you do not sit on this!!! fibrous fatty tissue and ischial bursa lie between ischial tuberosity and skin when the thigh is in a position of flexion |
front 12 gluteus maximus PA | back 12 ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament |
front 13 gluteus maximus DA | back 13 most fibers end in iliotibial tract that inserts into lateral tibial condyle; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity |
front 14 gluteus maximus N | back 14 inferior gluteal nerve |
front 15 gluteus maximus A | back 15 extends thigh (esp. flexed position), assists in lateral rotation, extends hip relative to trunk or trunk relative to hip when force required, PROVIDES STABILITY because of attachment to ITB |
front 16 gluteus medius & minimus | back 16 both fan shaped, share same fiber direction, action, and nerve supply |
front 17 gluteus medius PA | back 17 external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines |
front 18 gluteus medius DA | back 18 lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur |
front 19 gluteus medius N | back 19 superior gluteal nerve |
front 20 gluteus minimus PA | back 20 external surface of ilium between ANTERIOR and INFERIOR gluteal lines |
front 21 gluteus minimus DA | back 21 anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur |
front 22 gluteus minimus N | back 22 superior gluteal nerve |
front 23 gluteus medius & minimus A | back 23 powerful abductor, medially rotate thigh, keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is raised |
front 24 trendelenburg sign | back 24 actions of the gluteus medius & minimus are essential to normal gait as they prevent contralateral hip drop |
front 25 piriformis | back 25 sciatic N exits below it, gluteal N and vessels emerge superior and inferior to the muscle, located partly within pelvis and exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen |
front 26 piriformis A | back 26 laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabalum |
front 27 triceps coxae | back 27 superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus all share a common distal attachment, collective muscle is located between piriformis and quadratus femoris |
front 28 obturator internus O | back 28 pelvic surface of obturator membrane & surrounding bones |
front 29 obturator internus, superior gemellus, inferior femellus DA | back 29 medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) |
front 30 obturator internus, superior gemellus N | back 30 N to obturator internus (L5,S1) |
front 31 superior gemellus PA | back 31 ischial spine |
front 32 inferior gemellus PA | back 32 ischial tuberosity |
front 33 inferior gemellus N | back 33 N to quadratus femoris (L5,S1) |
front 34 obturator internus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus A | back 34 laterally rotate extended thigh, abduct flexed thigh, steady the femoral head in acetabalum |
front 35 quadratus femoris | back 35 short/flat rectangular muscle, inferior tot obturator internus & gemelli, laterally rotates thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabalum |
front 36 obturator externus | back 36 located on external surface of obturator membrane, grouped with medial thigh muscles, lies ANTERIOR to deep gluteal muscles, laterally rotates thigh & steadies femoral head in acetabalum (similar to deep gluteal muscles) |
front 37 piriformis PA | back 37 anterior surface of sacrum and sacotuberous ligament |
front 38 piriformis DA | back 38 superior border of greater trochanter of femur |
front 39 piriformis N | back 39 branches ventral rami S1 & S2 |
front 40 quadratus femoris PA | back 40 lateral border of ischial tuberosity |
front 41 quadratus femoris DA | back 41 quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest & inferior to it |
front 42 quadratus femoris N | back 42 N to quadratus femoris (L5 & S1) |
front 43 Obturator externus PA | back 43 obturator foramen and membrane |
front 44 Obturator externus DA | back 44 trochanteric fossa of femur |
front 45 Obturator externus N | back 45 Obturator N (L3-L4) |
front 46 Lumbar plexus | back 46 formed by ventral rami L1-L4, located on posterior abdominal wall, revealed by removal of psoas muscles, anterior and posterior divisions |
front 47 branches of important within the lumbar plexus | back 47 obturator N (L2-L4), femoral N (L2-L4), lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) |
front 48 obturator N (L2-L4) | back 48 innervates hip adductors & obturator externus |
front 49 femoral N (L2-L4) | back 49 innervates hip flexors and knee extensors |
front 50 lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) | back 50 travels along the wing of the sacrum and descends into pelvis to contribute to sacral plexus |
front 51 sacral plexus | back 51 formed by ventral rami L4-S4, lumbosacral (L4-L5) contributes, located near anterior surface of piriformis, most branches exit through greater sciatic foramen |
front 52 2 groups of nerves in gluteal region | back 52 superficial gluteal nerves and deep gluteal nerves All these nerves are branches of the sacral plexus and exit through the greater sciatic foramen. All emerge inferior to piriformis with exception of superior gluteal nerve. |
front 53 superficial gluteal nerves | back 53 supply most of the skin in the gluteal region |
front 54 deep gluteal nerves | back 54 provide both skin and motor innervation |
front 55 5 deep gluteal nerves | back 55 sciatic nerve, superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris, nerve to obturator internus |
front 56 sciatic nerve | back 56 largest nerve in the body, forms greatest part of sacral plexus, exits greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis, most lateral structure emerging inferior to piriformis, supplies no innervation to structures in gluteal region |
front 57 sciatic nerve (cont'd) | back 57 comprised of tibial nerve and common fibular nerve which are loosely bound by a sheath, splits approximately 1/2 down the thigh |
front 58 piriformis syndrome | back 58 12% of population suffers from it, common fibular nerve pierces the piriformis which may entrap it... symptoms include pain in the buttocks and history may include trauma or hypertrophy or spasm of piriformis |
front 59 Iliopsoas | back 59 combination of psoas major and ilicus join together and insert on lesser trochanter, primary hip flexor, stabilize hip joint, ER of femur |
front 60 psoas major PA | back 60 sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; TP of all lumbar |
front 61 psoas major DA | back 61 lesser trochanter of femur |
front 62 psoas major N | back 62 ventral rami of lumbar (L1-L3) |
front 63 iliacus PA | back 63 iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacroilliac ligament |
front 64 iliacus DA | back 64 tendon of psoas major |
front 65 iliacus N | back 65 femoral (L2,L3) |
front 66 psoas minor (NOT A HIP FLEXOR) PA | back 66 sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral disc |
front 67 psoas minor (NOT A HIP FLEXOR) DA | back 67 pectineal line, iliopucineal eminence via iliopectineal arch, does not cross hip joint |
front 68 psoas minor (NOT A HIP FLEXOR) A | back 68 assists psoas major in flexing the pelvis and lumbar region of vertebral column |
front 69 tight iliopsoas can cause... | back 69 increased lordosis when standing (BACK PAIN) people who sit often have tight iliopsoas above the knee amputees also have tight iliopsoas because leg is carried in flexion |
front 70 TFL PA | back 70 ASIS and anterior part of external lip of iliac crest |
front 71 TFL DA | back 71 lateral condyle of tibia via IT tract |
front 72 TFL N | back 72 superior gluteal N |
front 73 TFL A | back 73 abduct, IR, flex thigh, extend knee, steadies trunk on thigh |
front 74 IT band | back 74 attaches to patella, if tight it will pull patella laterally (lateral tracking patella) and can even cause dislocation both TFL and gluteus max attach to IT band |