front 1 What two components make up tissue? | back 1 cells and ECM |
front 2 What is the function of the ECM | back 2 supports the cells and contains fluids that serve as nutrients/carries away wastes |
front 3 What are the four tissue types? | back 3 nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective |
front 4 Amount of ECM in nervous tissue | back 4 very small |
front 5 Amount of ECM in epithelial tissue | back 5 small |
front 6 Amount of ECM in muscle tissue | back 6 moderate |
front 7 Amount of ECM in connective tissue | back 7 abundant |
front 8 What do epithelial cells look like? | back 8 sheet-like tubular structure, clustered |
front 9 What is the function of epithelial cells? | back 9 lines surface/body cavities and gland secretion. Has a basal lamina and a fibrous reticular lamina with collagen fibers that attaches to connective tissue and aids in repair |
front 10 What is the function of nervous cells? | back 10 Aids in the transmission of nerve impulses |
front 11 What is the function of muscle cells? | back 11 Contraction of muscles and body movement |
front 12 What is the function of connective tissue? | back 12 Serves as support and protection of tissues and organs, helps connect epithelia |
front 13 What are the 6 functions of connective tissue? | back 13 structure, nutrition, storage, defense, repair, information |
front 14 Fibroblasts | back 14 most abundant and major component of ECM. During tissue repair, proliferate and increase synthetic activitiy/assists neighboring cells. |
front 15 Adipocytes | back 15 fat cells where # determined early in life, regulates metabolism and other hormones. |
front 16 Macrophages | back 16 derive from monocytes and found in blood that comes from stem cells in bone marrow. They phagocytize and secrete hydrolytic enzyme for turnover of ECM. Initiate immune response by presenting antigens. |
front 17 Mast cells | back 17 resemble basophils found in blood/store chemical mediators. Responsible for allergic reactions and abundant in connective tissue. |
front 18 Collagen type I | back 18 thick, most common in CT (skin, tendons, organs) |
front 19 Collagen type III | back 19 reticular fibers, mesh network, (smooth muscle, endocrine glands, liver) |
front 20 Elastin fibers | back 20 random coil configuration (trachea, skin) |
front 21 What are the 3 leukocytes you need to know? | back 21 eosinophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophils |
front 22 Loose CT | back 22 most widespread, flexible, well vascularized, slightly resistant to stress, cushions organs. |
front 23 Dense IR CT | back 23 lots of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, lots of resistance, 3D network. |
front 24 Dense R CT | back 24 collagen fibers abundant, arranged parallel, resists stretching in one direction. |
front 25 unilocular | back 25 white fat (lipid storage) |
front 26 multiocular | back 26 brown fat (heat, fetus) |
front 27 Elastin | back 27 dense IR elastic tissue found in middle layer of arteries |
front 28 Reticular | back 28 type III collagen found in hematopoetic bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. |
front 29 Mucosal | back 29 found forming in teeth |
front 30 What two characteristics are there of cartilage | back 30 avascular and has one cell type, chondrocyte |
front 31 Hyaline cartilage | back 31 most common, found in rings and plates that keep airways open, lines end of synovial joints (gliding) |
front 32 Elastic cartilage | back 32 supports larynx and facilitates speech |
front 33 Fibrocartilage | back 33 link vertebrae together with shock absorption (pubic symphysis) |
front 34 Osteoarthritis | back 34 loss of hyaline articular cartilage, chondrocytes die, degenerative in nature |
front 35 Function of bone | back 35 houses brain and spinal cord, protective site for hematopoetic tissue (forms blood cells), reservoir for calcium and important in blood regulation. |
front 36 Osteoprogenitor | back 36 stem cells of bone, become osteoblasts |
front 37 Osteoblasts | back 37 build up bone and development of bone matrix (osteoid) eventually become osteocytes |
front 38 Osteocytes | back 38 located in matrix, link together and last 20-30 years |
front 39 Osteoclasts | back 39 large multinucleated and turnover bone matrix rate is high, derived from stem cells and live less than a month |
front 40 Periosteum | back 40 outer surface of bone that have osteoprogenitor cells |
front 41 Endosteum | back 41 inner surface of bone that have osteoprogenitor cells |
front 42 Compact bone | back 42 harder, outer portion of bone |
front 43 Spongy bone | back 43 interior region of bone, porous, made of trabeculae |
front 44 Primary bone | back 44 collagen fibers first deposited in osteoid by osteoblasts and randomly arrayed |
front 45 Secondary bone | back 45 replaces primary bone and is arranged in parallel making it much stronger than primary bone |
front 46 First step in bone formation | back 46 bone collar formation |
front 47 Second step in bone formation | back 47 primary ossification center (osteoblasts mass production) |
front 48 Third step in bone formation | back 48 secondary ossification center (growth plate) |
front 49 First step in bone remodeling | back 49 osteoblasts form osteoclasts through fusion via monocytes |
front 50 Second step in bone remodeling | back 50 osteoblasts watch and regulate osteoclasts |
front 51 Third step in bone remodeling | back 51 osteoclasts create tunnel in bone, osteoblasts fill in gap with new matrix |
front 52 Fourth step in bone remodeling | back 52 small blood vessels travel through tunnel and creates compact bone (nutrition) |
front 53 What are the 2 big hormones involved in calcium regulation? | back 53 parathyroid and calcitonin |
front 54 What is a fracture? | back 54 result of blood vessels breaking, clot forming, death of osteocytes. Osteoblasts fill in the gap, callus of CT and hyaline cartilage forms and is replaced with primary bone. Remodeling then turns it into secondary bone. |
front 55 What are the 3 types of muscle? | back 55 skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
front 56 Function of skeletal muscle | back 56 moves limbs, propels breath, speech |
front 57 Function of cardiac muscle | back 57 pumps blood |
front 58 Function of smooth muscle | back 58 controls BP and helps food move through GI tract |
front 59 What does calcium concentration trigger? | back 59 the movement of actomyosin filament system and shortens the cell |
front 60 What are the 3 things skeletal muscle is made up of | back 60 endomysium, perimysium, and epimyseum |
front 61 Myofibril | back 61 cylindrical array of actin and myosin filaments that extends the length of the cell |
front 62 Sarcomere | back 62 region of a myofibril between 2 z lines and IS CONTRACTILE UNIT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE |
front 63 Actin | back 63 most abundant protein found in cells |
front 64 Myosin filaments | back 64 formed from dimers of myosin 2 class |
front 65 Troponin | back 65 protein complex that helps with regulation of filament sliding. LOW CALCIUM = no myosin binding to actin HIGH CALCIUM= myosin binds to actin |
front 66 Motor unit | back 66 made up of neuromuscular junction. More units activated = higher strength of contraction. |
front 67 Neurons | back 67 nerve cells and are functional unit of information and signal processing |
front 68 Glial | back 68 essential support to neurons |
front 69 CNS | back 69 brain and spinal cord, sensory input and coordinated output |
front 70 PNS | back 70 receives sensory info from outside of the body and also helps with muscles and glands. |
front 71 Somatic (voluntary) | back 71 responsible for actions that can be controlled by thinking such as throwing a baseball |
front 72 Autonomic (involuntary) | back 72 responsible for things such as gut motility |
front 73 sympathetic | back 73 fight or flight |
front 74 parasympathetic | back 74 rest and digest |
front 75 Nerve cells have | back 75 dendrite, cell body, axon in that order (nerve impulse) |
front 76 Synapses | back 76 special junctions that help pass nerve impulses from cell to cell or cell to effector (depolarization and NA/K pumps come in) |
front 77 Dendrite | back 77 receive majority of info, shape and extent of dendrite determines function |
front 78 Cell body | back 78 made up of rough ER and golgi apparatus |
front 79 Neurofilaments | back 79 extend from cell body to axon to dendrite. Structural support for cell |
front 80 Axons | back 80 nerve fibers that connect cell body to terminal synapse and helps with cell-to-cell communication via dendrite |
front 81 Motor (efferent) | back 81 neurons control effector organs such as muscles and glands, located in CNS |
front 82 Sensory (afferent) | back 82 neurons receive stimuli from internal or external factors and may be in CNS or peripheral ganglia |
front 83 Projection neurons | back 83 connect neurons that are far apart, pyramidial in structure and located in CNS. |
front 84 Interneurons | back 84 establish local circuits by connecting other nearby neurons in CNS or peripheral ganglia |