front 1 Aristotle (thoughts on evolution) | back 1
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front 2 James Hutton (thoughts on evolution) | back 2
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front 3 Thomas Ribert Malthus (thoughts on evolution) | back 3
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front 4 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (thoughts on evolution) | back 4
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front 5 Describe August Weismann's test on Lamarckian inheritance | back 5
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front 6 Georges cuvier (thoughts on evolution) | back 6
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front 7 Charles Lyell (thoughts on evolution) | back 7
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front 8 Charles Darwin (thoughts on evolution) | back 8
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front 9 Alfred Russell Wallace (thoughts on evolution) | back 9
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front 10 On the origin of species | back 10
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front 11 5 characteristics of natural selection | back 11
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front 12 what experiences selection and evolution? | back 12 individuals experience selection; but population evolve |
front 13 Evolution by natural selection | back 13
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front 14 Threespine sticklebacks | back 14
- variation in morphology - recent changes in environment |
front 15 Variation in Sticklebacks | back 15
Producing lateral plates is costly
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front 16 evolution of mammals | back 16
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front 17 Homology | back 17
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front 18 Convergence | back 18 similarity of form/function due to similar environments |
front 19 Phenotypic Plasticity | back 19
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front 20 Genetic Variation | back 20
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front 21 What are the sources of genetic variation? | back 21
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front 22 Heitability: Mendel | back 22
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front 23 Population | back 23 groups of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, leaving viable offspring |
front 24 alleles | back 24 different variants of a gene |
front 25 gene pool | back 25 all copies of all alleles at every locus in all members of the population |
front 26 evolution | back 26 change in the gene frequencies of a population from generation to generation |
front 27 Hardy-Weinberg principle | back 27
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front 28 parental allele frequencies formula for HW | back 28 p + q =1 |
front 29 Offspring allele frequencies | back 29 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
front 30 what are the five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? | back 30 1. no selection 2. no mutation 3. no migration 4. large population 5. random mating |
front 31 How is Hardy Weinberg a null hypothesis? | back 31
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front 32 observed genotype | back 32 measured from population |
front 33 allele frequencies | back 33 calculated from observed data |
front 34 expected (HW) | back 34 predicted frequency of genotypes IF population is in H-W equilibrium |
front 35 difference (HW) | back 35 tested with statistics |
front 36 what are the mechanisms of evolution? | back 36
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front 37 directional selection | back 37 natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals |
front 38 stabilizing selection | back 38 natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes |
front 39 disruptive selection | back 39 natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes |
front 40 genetic drift | back 40
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front 41 bottleneck effect | back 41 Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population. |
front 42 The founder effect | back 42
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front 43 intrasexual selection | back 43 selection within a sex to compete for mates |
front 44 intersexual selection | back 44 selection by one sex for mates; mate choice |
front 45 heterozygote advantage | back 45 heterozygotes have greater fitness than either homozygotes |
front 46 frequency dependent selection | back 46
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front 47 what are benefits and costs of endotherms? | back 47 benefits:
costs:
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front 48 Biological Species Concept | back 48 groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
front 49 What are the difficulties in defining a species | back 49
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front 50 what are prezygotic reproductive isolation types? | back 50 habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation |
front 51 habitat isolation | back 51 species mate in different places |
front 52 temporal isolation | back 52 species mate at different times |
front 53 behavioral isolation | back 53 unique behaviors attract different species |
front 54 mechanical isolation | back 54 morphological differences prevent mating |
front 55 gametic isolation | back 55 sperm cannot fertilize eggs |
front 56 what postzygotic reproductive isolation types? | back 56 reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown, |
front 57 reduced hybrid viability | back 57 hybrids do not live to maturity |
front 58 reduced hybrid fertility | back 58 hybrids do not produce viable offspring |
front 59 hybrid breakdown | back 59 offspring viability is reduced after several generations |
front 60 Allopatric speciation | back 60 Occurs when you have an interbreeding population and something
happens to physically separate the mates |
front 61 sympatric speciation | back 61 The formation of new species in populations that live in the same
geographic area |
front 62 sympatric speciation: auto polyploidy | back 62
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front 63 sympatric speciation: allopolyploidy | back 63
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front 64 Polyploidy as a speciation mechanism | back 64
it happens nearly instantaneously, it provides higher genetic diversity, it leads to reduced interbreeding depression |
front 65 adaption | back 65 selection due to environment leads to increased frequency of phenotype over time |
front 66 acclimation | back 66 physiological response to environment to change in individual phenotype |
front 67 local adaption | back 67 species exhibit phenotypes that differ due to local conditions (could lead to speciation over time) |
front 68 hybridization | back 68 when reproductive isolation between two species breaks down |
front 69 if hybrids are less fit is it reinforcement, fusion, or stability? | back 69 reinforcement
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front 70 if hybrids are more fit is it reinforcement, fusion, or stability? | back 70 fusion
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front 71 if hybrids are less fit in a specific time/place is it reinforcement, fusion, or stability? | back 71 stability
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front 72 what is speciation a result of? | back 72 reproductive isolation |
front 73 what are evolutionary processes that lead to reproductive isolation? | back 73 natural selection, genetic drift, and muutataion |
front 74 what reduces reproductive isolation | back 74 gene flow |
front 75 punctuated model of rate of speciation | back 75 - came about in the 70s |
front 76 gradual model of rate of speciation | back 76 - traditional view of speciation |
front 77 punctuated equilibrium | back 77 A species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. |
front 78 how old is earth | back 78 4.6 Billion years old |
front 79 How long ago was the cambrain explosion? | back 79 535-525 MYA |
front 80 how long ago of the oldest multicellular eukaryotes? | back 80 1.2 BYA |
front 81 how long ago was the oldest eukaryotic cell? | back 81 1.8 BYA |
front 82 how long ago was the oldest prokaryotic cell? | back 82 3.5 BYA |
front 83 how long ago was the origin of the solar system? | back 83 4.6 BYA |
front 84 Hadean Eon characteristics | back 84
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front 85 long term memory | back 85
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front 86 Archean Eon characteristics | back 86
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front 87 stromatolites | back 87
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front 88 Proterozoic Eon characteristics | back 88
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front 89 The origin of eukaryotes | back 89
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front 90 evidence for endosymbiosis | back 90 mitochondria and chloroplasts have:
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria:
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front 91 transition to multicellularity | back 91 done through segregation of function, much more efficient
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front 92 The Cambrian explosion | back 92
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front 93 When did early land animals occur? | back 93 500 MYA |
front 94 when did the first land plants appear? | back 94 470 MYA |
front 95 when did arthropods appear? | back 95 450 MYA |
front 96 when did vascular plants appear? | back 96 425 MYA |
front 97 when did tetrapods appear? | back 97 365 MYA |
front 98 how many major extinction events have occured? | back 98 5 |
front 99 the 6th extinction? | back 99
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front 100 species radiations | back 100 major diversification events can happen globally or locally |
front 101 what are the mechanisms for species radiations? | back 101
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front 102 what fueled the cambrian explosion? | back 102
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front 103 coevolution | back 103 reciprocal evolution of 2 interacting species
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front 104 red queen hypothesis | back 104 interacting species must repeatedly adapt to each other to maintain their relationship |
front 105 what is the signature of coevolution? | back 105 high levels of genetic diversity |
front 106 microevolution | back 106 changes in allele frequency from generation to generation in a population |
front 107 macroevolution | back 107 broad patterns of evolution above the species level |
front 108 phylogeny | back 108 a visual hypothesis of the evolutionary history of a group of species, populations or genes |
front 109 who do phylogenetic trees show? | back 109 relatedness |
front 110 ancestral trait | back 110 trait originated from the ancestor of the taxon |
front 111 derived trait | back 111 trait is an evolutionary novelty to the clade |
front 112 synapomorphy | back 112 trait is shred by all clade members |
front 113 analogy | back 113 similar environment pressure can lead to similar adaption in different organism s |
front 114 cladistics | back 114
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front 115 monophyletic group | back 115 an ancestor and all of its descendants |
front 116 paraphyletic group | back 116 an ancestor but only some of its descendants |
front 117 polyphyletic group | back 117 group does not include most recent common ancestor |
front 118 why do we need to define groups on trees? | back 118
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front 119 what are the steps to tree building? | back 119
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front 120 parsimony | back 120
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front 121 orthologous genes | back 121
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front 122 paralogous genes | back 122
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front 123 biodiversity | back 123 the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of which they are part; includes diversity within and among species |
front 124 Why study biodiversity? | back 124
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front 125 what are the parts of the external prokaryote structure? | back 125
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front 126 What are the parts of the internal prokaryote structure? | back 126 Aerobic prokaryotes: respiratory membrane (like mitochondria) photosynthetic prokaryotes: thylakoid membrane (like chloroplasts) chromosomes (circular contain less DNA than eukaryotes) plasmids (small rings of DNA that replicate independently |
front 127 Endospores | back 127 form in response to hostile conditions; dormant until conditions improve |
front 128 how genetic diversity generated in prokaryotes? | back 128 mutation and recombination *Reproduction by binary fission does not lead to diversity |
front 129 transformation (genetic recombination) | back 129
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front 130 transduction (genetic recombination) | back 130
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front 131 conjugation (genetic recombination) | back 131
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front 132 Why do prokaryotes evolve quickly? | back 132
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front 133 evolution of antibiotic resistance | back 133
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front 134 Protists in the environment | back 134 decomposers
Oxygen production
Nitrogen Fixation
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front 135 what does the ectoderm form? | back 135 skin, nervous system |
front 136 chemotrophs | back 136 get their energy from chemicals |
front 137 autotrophs | back 137 use inorganic carbon (CO2) |
front 138 heterotrophs | back 138 use organic carbon (glucose) |
front 139 mixotrophs | back 139 can use different sources of energy and carbon |
front 140 what are the key innovations of eukaryotes? | back 140
flexible cell walls and cytoskeletons for mobility, and rigid cell walls or shells for protection
likely formed from infolding of plasma membrane, and separate transcription and translation
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front 141 what did primary endosymbiosis lead to? secondary symbiosis? | back 141 red and green algae secondary led to other photosynthetic protists |
front 142 what is the evidence for secondary endosymbiosis? | back 142
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front 143 How are protists divers? | back 143
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front 144 protists and human health (parasites) | back 144 plasmodium
Tryanosomes
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front 145 Protists and human welfare (food sources and plant pathogens) | back 145 food sources: red algae
Plant pathogens water molds
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front 146 Protists and healthy ecosystems (primary producers, global carbon cycle, decomposers, and critical habitat) | back 146 green algae
diatoms
Slime Molds
Brown algae
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front 147 Protists and unhealthy ecosystems (algal bloom) | back 147 dinoflagellates
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front 148 what are plants closest living relatives? | back 148 charophytes (green algae) |
front 149 What adaptions to plants have for land? | back 149
waxy cuticle, stomata and desiccation-resistant spores
flavonoids to provide "sunscreen"
mycorrhizae |
front 150 Plant reproduction | back 150 |
front 151 When was the origin of land plants? | back 151 470 MYA |
front 152 Bryophytes characteristics | back 152 non-vascular
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front 153 Bryophyte ecology: sphagnum | back 153
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front 154 when was the origin of vascular plants? | back 154 425 MYA |
front 155 what do seedless vascular plants have that bryophytes do not? | back 155
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front 156 Organs in the vascular system (plants) | back 156 xylem, phloem, and lignin |
front 157 xylem | back 157
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front 158 phloem | back 158 distributes sugars, amino acids, products synthesized by the plant |
front 159 lignin | back 159
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front 160 what are other derived traits of vascular plants? | back 160 roots
leaves
spores |
front 161 are seedless plants homosporous or heterosporous? | back 161 homosporous; bisexual gametophytes have organs to make sperm and eggs |
front 162 are seeded plants homosporous or heterosporous? | back 162 heterosporous; male gametophytes have organs to make sperm and female gametophytes have organs to make eggs |
front 163 lycophytes | back 163
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front 164 monilophytes | back 164
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front 165 what is the legacy of seedless vascular plants? | back 165
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front 166 what were the derived traits from seedless to seeded plants? | back 166 seeds
Pollen
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front 167 what do megasporangia produce? | back 167 1 megaspore (female gametophyte) |
front 168 what do microsporangia produce? | back 168 makes many microspores (male gametophyte) |
front 169 Do all plants have sperm and spores? | back 169 yes, but they do not all have seeds and pollen |
front 170 Gymnosperms characteristics | back 170
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front 171 cycads | back 171
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front 172 gingkos | back 172
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front 173 gnetophytes | back 173
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front 174 when was the origin of extant seed plants? | back 174 360 MYA |
front 175 When did seedless vascular plants become dominant? | back 175 in the carboniferous, 360-300 MYA |
front 176 when did gymnosperms become dominant? | back 176 in the Permian, 300-250 MYA |
front 177 when did angiosperms become dominant in milder climates? | back 177 in the mid-cretaceous, 145-65 MYA |
front 178 What are the key innovations of angiosperms? | back 178
specialized shoots with up 4 types of modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels provide more species-specific breeding systems
ovules housed within the ovary as seeds develop, ovary walls thicken ovary matures into a fruit (protects seeds, aids in dispersal, fleshy or dry) |
front 179 derived traits in angiosperm life cycle | back 179
2 sperm released in ovule, 1 sperm fertilizes egg, 1 sperm nuclei fuses with 2 nuclei in embryo sac -> endosperm (3n) |
front 180 plant-animal interactions | back 180
movement of pollen by animals increases likelihood of mating
movement of embryos by animals increase range and habitat diversity |
front 181 pollination | back 181
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front 182 angiosperm diversity | back 182
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front 183 monocots | back 183
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front 184 eudicots | back 184
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front 185 fungi | back 185
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front 186 fungal structure | back 186
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front 187 female reproduction | back 187
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front 188 fungal evolution | back 188
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front 189 mycorrhizae | back 189
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front 190 what are the ecological benefits off fungi? | back 190 decomposer
endophytes
mutualisms
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front 191 what are negative effects of fungi? | back 191 plant pathogens
Animal pathogens
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front 192 what are general traits of animals? | back 192
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front 193 what are the general patterns across animals? | back 193
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front 194 Animal development | back 194
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front 195 when do germ layers form? | back 195 during gastrulation |
front 196 what does the ectotherm form? | back 196 skin, nervous system |
front 197 what does endotherm form? | back 197 digestive tract |
front 198 what does the mesoderm from? | back 198 circulatory system, muscle, bone, organs |
front 199 protostome | back 199 cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastospore
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front 200 deuterostome | back 200 cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastophore
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front 201 when did animals appear? | back 201 about 710 MYA |
front 202 what are the first animals closest living relatives? | back 202 choanoflagellates |
front 203 when did animals arrive on land? | back 203 450 MYA |
front 204 when did tetrapods (terrestrial vertebrates) appear? | back 204 365 MYA |
front 205 when was the age of dinosaurs? | back 205 2522-66 MYA |
front 206 when was the diversification of mammals? | back 206 66 MYA - present |
front 207 what are the traits that drive diversity in animals | back 207
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front 208 coelomate | back 208
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front 209 acoelomates | back 209
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front 210 pseudocoelomates | back 210
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front 211 sponges (porifera) | back 211
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front 212 Anemones, jellies, and coral (cnidarians) | back 212
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front 213 what is lophotrochozoans defined by? | back 213 a clade defined by DNA |
front 214 lophotrochozoans | back 214
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front 215 flatworms (platyhelminthes) | back 215
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front 216 segmented worms (annelida) | back 216
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front 217 molluscs (mollusca) | back 217
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front 218 what does mantle do in the mollusc? | back 218 secretes shell |
front 219 what does the visceral mass do in the mollusc? | back 219 contains internal organs |
front 220 what does the foot do in the mollusc? | back 220 locomotion |
front 221 what does the radula do in the mollusc? | back 221 for feeding (is not in all molluscs) |
front 222 living on your food: gastropods | back 222
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front 223 two shells for protection: bivalves | back 223
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front 224 adaptions for predation: cephalopods | back 224
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front 225 what are the general characteristics of arthopods? | back 225
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front 226 what are examples of non-insect arthpods? | back 226 spiders and ticks (chelicerates)
Myriapods (many feet)
Crustaceans
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front 227 insects | back 227
incomplete: young resemble adults, smaller, wingless complete: larvae distinct in phenotype, diet, habitat from adults |
front 228 insect reproductive strategies | back 228
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front 229 flight in insects | back 229 most insects can fly, but wings vary in shape, size, and number flight increases: dispersal, foraging, mating |
front 230 mouthparts in insects | back 230 diverse mouthparts increase access to different food types |
front 231 benefits of insects | back 231 pollinators
Pest Controllers
Decomposers
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front 232 Pest and disease | back 232 voracious herbivores
Vectors of disease
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front 233 echinoderms | back 233
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front 234 What are the characteristics of chordates? | back 234 notochords, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngal cleft and slits, muscular post anal tail |
front 235 notochord | back 235
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front 236 dorsal hollow nerve cord | back 236
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front 237 Muscular, post anal tail | back 237
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front 238 pharyngeal clefts and slits | back 238
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front 239 what are examples of basal chordates? | back 239 Lancelets ad tunicates |
front 240 lancelets | back 240
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front 241 tunicates | back 241
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front 242 what are the characteristics of vertebrates? | back 242 vertebrate
Developed nervous system
63,000 vertebrates species |
front 243 evolution of vertebrates | back 243
started with teeth like structures
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front 244 Hagfish and Lamprey characteristics | back 244
hagfish
Lampreys
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front 245 The evolution of jaws | back 245
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front 246 sharks | back 246
sharp vision, olfactory bulbs, can detect fields of animals
keep from sinking, gas exchange |
front 247 Ray-finned fish | back 247
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front 248 coelocanths | back 248
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front 249 lungfish | back 249
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front 250 transition to land: Tiktakklik | back 250
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front 251 what adaptions did vertebrates need to succeed on land? | back 251
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front 252 when did tetrapods appear in the fossil record? | back 252 365 MYA |
front 253 what are the derived traits of tetrapods? | back 253
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front 254 Amphibians characteristics | back 254
metamorphosis leads to legs, lungs, more complex organs
some species lack lungs altogether
eggs lack shell |
front 255 salamanders characteristics | back 255
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front 256 frog characteristics | back 256
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front 257 what are the parts of the amniotic egg? | back 257 allantois, chorion, amnion, yolk sac |
front 258 allantois | back 258 metabolic waste |
front 259 chorion | back 259 gas exchange |
front 260 amnion | back 260 fluid-filled cavity protects embryo |
front 261 yolk sac | back 261 holds nutrients |
front 262 derived traits off amniotes | back 262
reduces water loss of developing embryo
reduced water loss of adults
efficient gas exchange |
front 263 Dinosaurs chracteristics | back 263
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front 264 reptiles charcateristics | back 264
prevent desiccation
internal fertilization prior to shell secretion
regulate temperature with behavior
internal temperature regulation |
front 265 turtles characteristics | back 265
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front 266 Lizards characteristics | back 266
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front 267 snakes characteristics | back 267
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front 268 bird characteristics | back 268
large brain, more acute senses than other reptiles and amphibians wings for dispersal beak morphology - diet breadth |
front 269 what are the modifications for flight? | back 269 honeycombed bones, reduced organs (no bladder, 1 ovary, small gonads), no teeth, feathers, large pectoral muscles |
front 270 what are the derived traits of mammals? | back 270 mammary glands, hair, fat layer under skin, endotherms, larger brains, extended parental care, diverse teeth |
front 271 evolution | back 271
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front 272 Monotremes | back 272
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front 273 Marsupials | back 273
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front 274 eutherians | back 274
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front 275 rodents (characteristics) | back 275
soil aeration and nutrient distribution and hydrology
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front 276 ungulates | back 276
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front 277 cetaceans | back 277
(sister taxa to hippos)
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front 278 carnivores | back 278
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front 279 primates | back 279
Linnaeus saw primates as the highest order of animals |
front 280 derived traits of primates | back 280
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front 281 primates lineages | back 281
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front 282 derived traits of hominins | back 282
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front 283 homo sapiens characteristics | back 283
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front 284 dispersal of homo sapiens | back 284
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front 285 why are we the only hominins? | back 285 early homo sapiens coexisted with other homo species
changes in lifestyle around 50,000 years ago
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front 286 genetic diversity | back 286 heterozygosity within a population |
front 287 species diveristy | back 287 species richness and abundance |
front 288 ecosystem diversity | back 288 interactions between species and environment |
front 289 how does biodiversity have inherent value? | back 289
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front 290 what is the ecological value of biodiversity? | back 290
primary production, nutrient cycling
more plants = more herbivores = more predators |
front 291 ecosystem services | back 291 functions provided by nature that support humans
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front 292 what is the economic value off biodiversity? | back 292
easy: value of lumber harvested from a forest difficult: aesthetic of a forest
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front 293 what is the globally, ecosystem services are valued at? | back 293 $33-125 trillion US per year value of ecosystem services often only recognized when they are lost |
front 294 epithelial tissue | back 294
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front 295 connective tissue | back 295
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front 296 muscle tissue | back 296
3 types: skeletal - attached to bone and tendon smooth - involuntary body activities cardiac - heart walls |
front 297 nerve tissue | back 297
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front 298 how does the body respond to external environments? | back 298
gradual changes affect whole body
immediate changes, may be localized |
front 299 acclimatization/acclimation | back 299
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front 300 adaption | back 300
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front 301 regulator | back 301
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front 302 conformer | back 302 internal environment changes as external environment changes |
front 303 homeostasis | back 303
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front 304 what is homeostasis? | back 304
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front 305 circadian rhythm | back 305
temperature, blood pressure, sleep/wake cycles
blind mole rate exhibit daily cycles
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front 306 metabolism | back 306
energy to fuel cellular processes, to build proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
heat loss, oxygen used, calories consumed |
front 307 Comparing basal metabolic rates | back 307
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front 308 ectotherms | back 308 use external sources of energy to control body temperature |
front 309 endotherms | back 309 rely on internal energy (metabolic heat) to control body temperature |
front 310 poikilotherms | back 310 body temperature varies with the environment |
front 311 homeotherms | back 311 body temperature is relatively stable regardless of environment |
front 312 what are the costs and benefits of eectotherms? | back 312 benefits:
costs:
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front 313 what are benefits of endotherms? | back 313 benefits:
costs:
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front 314 Evaporation | back 314 loss of heat by evaporation of water |
front 315 radiation | back 315 emission of electromagnetic radiation |
front 316 conduction | back 316 direct transfer by contact |
front 317 convention | back 317 moving air removes radiated heat or water |
front 318 How to we manage heat loss and gain? | back 318
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front 319 osmolarity | back 319 the number of molecules of solute per liter solution |
front 320 Osmoconformers | back 320 have the same osmolarity as its environment |
front 321 osmoregulators | back 321 controls osmolarity independently from its environment |
front 322 isosmotic | back 322 water is organism is equal to water in environment water, salts continuously diffuse |
front 323 hyperosmotic | back 323
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front 324 hypoosmotic | back 324
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front 325 water balance on land | back 325
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front 326 Nitrogenous waste | back 326
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front 327 uric acid | back 327
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front 328 urea | back 328
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front 329 ammonia | back 329
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front 330 what are the four basic steps to excretion? | back 330 1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
4. Excretion
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front 331 Mammalian Nephron | back 331 1. Proximal Tube
2. descending loop of henle
3. Ascending loop of henle
4. Distal tubule
5. Collecting duct
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front 332 water conservation in mammals | back 332
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front 333 how do you fuel your body? | back 333 ingestion -> digestion -> absorption -> elimination |
front 334 filter feeding | back 334 straining small food from surroundings |
front 335 substrate feeding | back 335 live in or on food |
front 336 fluid feeding | back 336 suck fluid with nutrients from living host |
front 337 bulk feeding | back 337 eat relatively large pieces of food |
front 338 gastrovascular cavity | back 338 digestion and distribution of nutrients in same place single location for ingestion and excretion |
front 339 alimentary canal | back 339 complete digestive tract organized into compartments for digestion, storage, absorption |
front 340 Human digestion: the oral cavity | back 340
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front 341 Human Digestion: the stomach | back 341
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front 342 Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? | back 342
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front 343 Human digestion: Small intestine | back 343
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front 344 Human digestion: large intestine | back 344
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front 345 How does digestion differ with diet? | back 345
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front 346 Differences between the carnivore and herbivore digestive tract? | back 346 carnivore:
Herbivores
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front 347 what determines an annimals's sex? | back 347
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front 348 sexual in reproduction | back 348
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front 349 Asexual reproduction | back 349
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front 350 pros and cons of asexual reproduction | back 350 pros:
Cons:
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front 351 The two fold cost of sex | back 351
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front 352 disease and asexual reproduction | back 352
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front 353 what causes daphina to switch from asexual to sexual reproduction? | back 353
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front 354 external fertilization | back 354
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front 355 internal fertilization | back 355
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front 356 why is the circulatory system adaptive? | back 356
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front 357 open circulatory system | back 357
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front 358 pros and cons of the open circulatory system | back 358 pros:
cons:
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front 359 closed circulatory system | back 359
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front 360 Single Circulation | back 360
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front 361 double circulation | back 361
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front 362 pulmonary circuit | back 362 start at R side of heart -> O2 poor blood to lungs/skin -> O2 rich blood back to L side of heart |
front 363 systemic circuit | back 363 start at L side of heart -> O2/nutriennt rich blood to body -> CO2 rich blood back to R side of heart |
front 364 double circulation in amphibians | back 364
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front 365 double circulation in turtles, snakes, and lizard | back 365
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front 366 double circulation in birds and mammals | back 366
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front 367 how does the heart beat? | back 367
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front 368 arteries | back 368 endothelium surrounded by thick walls
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front 369 veins | back 369 walls about 1/3 thickness of arteries
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front 370 capillaries | back 370
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front 371 Blow flow | back 371
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front 372 Blood Pressure | back 372
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front 373 Plasma | back 373
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front 374 red blood cells | back 374
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front 375 White blood cells | back 375
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front 376 Platelets | back 376
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front 377 Production of blood cells | back 377
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front 378 Gas exchange | back 378
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front 379 gas exchange in insects | back 379 tracheae: air tubes branch throughout body
O2/CO2 transfer complete by tracheae
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front 380 Gas exchange in fish | back 380
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front 381 Gas exchange in tetrapods | back 381
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front 382 The Mammalian respiratory system | back 382
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front 383 Breathing in amphibians | back 383
lowers floor of throat, contrasts throat muscles push sir from oral cavity into their lung |
front 384 breathing in birds | back 384
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front 385 breathing in mammals | back 385 negative pressure breathing inhalation
exhalation
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front 386 distributing oxygen: hemoglobin | back 386
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front 387 removing carbon dioxide | back 387
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front 388 regulating gas exchange in mammals | back 388
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front 389 dendrites | back 389 receive signals from other neurons |
front 390 cell body | back 390 contains most organelles |
front 391 axon hillock | back 391 where signal is generated |
front 392 axon | back 392 transmits signals to other neurons |
front 393 presynaptic cell | back 393 send signals |
front 394 neurotransmitter | back 394 chemical messenger |
front 395 synaptic terminals | back 395 branches that form the synapse |
front 396 postsynaptic cell | back 396 receive signals |
front 397 what are the stages of information processing? | back 397 1. sensory input: sensory neurons transmit information about stimuli 2. integration: brain integrates information and considers immediate context and experience; mostly interneurons 3. motor output: trigger output such as muscle or gland activity; motor neurons |
front 398 resting potential | back 398 difference in charge across a membrane when cells are not communicating |
front 399 graded potential | back 399 shift in membrane potential that varies in magnitude and direction |
front 400 action potential | back 400 rapid, massive change in membrane potential resulting in communication between cells |
front 401 active transport: sodium-potassium pump (resting potential) | back 401
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front 402 Passive transport: leak channels (resting potential) | back 402
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front 403 how does resting potential reflect balncee of chemical/electrical gradient? | back 403
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front 404 Action potential in 3 steps | back 404 1. depolarization change in membrane potential from highly negative to zero to positive 2. repolarization return to negative membrane potential 3. hyperpolarization undershoot before return to resting potential |
front 405 action potential | back 405
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front 406 Synapses | back 406
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front 407 chemical synapses process | back 407
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front 408 if ligand gated channel is permeable to K+ and Na+ = | back 408 excitatory postsynaptic potential |
front 409 if ligand gated channel is permeable to K+ or Cl- = | back 409 inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
front 410 summation | back 410 adding together postsynaptic potential
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front 411 when did sensory cells appear? | back 411 they appeared billions of years, but more organized nervous systems date back to the cambrian explosion |
front 412 how can nervous systems be relatively simple? | back 412
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front 413 how do nervous systems become more specialized in bilaterians? | back 413
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front 414 central nervous system | back 414
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front 415 peripheral nervous system | back 415
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front 416 gila | back 416 cells that support neurons
different cells have different functions
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front 417 parts of vertebrate central nervous system | back 417 brain and spinal cord
grey matter: neuron body cells white matter: bundled axons cerebrospinal fluid
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front 418 peripheral nervous system | back 418
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front 419 motor system | back 419
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front 420 autonomic nervous system | back 420
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front 421 sympathetic division | back 421 fight or flight |
front 422 parasympathetic division | back 422 rest and digest |
front 423 what are the 3 major regions of the brain | back 423 forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
front 424 forebrain | back 424 complex processing, smell, sleep, learning |
front 425 midbrain | back 425 routing of sensory info |
front 426 hindbrain | back 426 involuntary activities, motor activities |
front 427 cerebrum | back 427
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front 428 cerebellum | back 428
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front 429 Diencephalon | back 429
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front 430 brainstem | back 430
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front 431 frontal lobe | back 431
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front 432 parietal lobe | back 432
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front 433 occipital lobe | back 433 vision |
front 434 temporal lobe | back 434 hearing and language |
front 435 the cerebral cortex | back 435
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front 436 emotions | back 436
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front 437 learning | back 437 lasting change in behavior due to experience |
front 438 memory | back 438 retention of learned information |
front 439 short term memory | back 439
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front 440 long term | back 440
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front 441 neuronal plasticity | back 441
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front 442 Memory and learning | back 442 different ways to learn different things
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