front 1 __________ excretion is a very efficient route for the elimination of
small lipid-soluble compounds including certain antiseptic
monoterpenes (from essential oils such as Thyme and Eucalyptus),
volatile sulfur compounds in fresh Garlic, and substances that exist
predominantly in a gas phase. | back 1 d. Respiratory |
front 2 __________ is responsible for the removal of wastes and toxins
including large polar compounds such as glutathione conjugates and
bilirubin. It is an active excretion process that can become
saturated, leading to an increasing concentration of toxins in the
organ in which it occurs. | back 2 a. Biliary excretion |
front 3 A compound that has no electric charge (is electrically neutral) is
__________; a compound that has a partial charge is __________; a
compound with a full negative or positive charge is
__________. | back 3 c. nonpolar; polar; ionized |
front 4 A drug molecule is known to produce its toxic side effects by
damaging certain cell membranes through the process of lipid
peroxidation. This is an example of a toxic mechanism called
a: | back 4 b. primary event |
front 5 An immunotoxic compound which can elicit an immune system response by
binding to endogenous proteins in a biological system and marking
those proteins as ‘foreign’ to that system is called a/n: | back 5 d. hapten |
front 6 Base-pair additions and base-pair deletions are examples of DNA
damage that can occur as a result of exposure to genotoxic chemicals.
They result in __________ which can cause serious errors when the cell
attempts to translate the DNA’s instructions for making
proteins. | back 6 b. frame shift mutations |
front 7 Cancer is believed to be a multi-stage process requiring initiation,
promotion, and progression. An example of an initiating event would be
exposure to a type of carcinogen called a/n __________, which disrupts
DNA function by bonding to its base-pairs. | back 7 d. alkylating agent |
front 8 Compounds absorbed through the skin, the lungs, or intravenous
injection are not subject to __________, while those absorbed through
the organs of the digestive tract are. Consequently, less of the
compound may enter the bloodstream after being ingested orally than if
absorbed via the skin or lungs. | back 8 b. first-pass metabolism |
front 9 Lipophilic toxicants with a high lipid /water partition coefficient
are often stored in _______. | back 9 b. body fat |
front 10 Small, water-soluble molecules are most likely to be excreted through
the __________ by a process of filtration, diffusion, and active
transport. | back 10 d. nephrons |
front 11 The __________ of a compound is calculated from a graph of the
concentration of the compound in the blood plasma plotted against
time. It shows how long it takes for 50% of the plasma concentration
to be removed by absorption across cell membranes, metabolism, and/or
excretion. | back 11 a. half-life |
front 12 The irreversible process in which a cell degenerates, its proteins
denature, and its nucleus fragments, is known as __________. It is
accompanied by inflammation. | back 12 b. necrosis |
front 13 The major mechanism for the absorption of xenobiotic compounds
(toxins, drugs, phytochemicals, etc.) through the cell membranes is
_______. | back 13 d. simple diffusion |
front 14 The mechanism which inhibits the absorption of substances across the
capillaries serving the central nervous system, relative to that of
other tissues, is called __________. | back 14 b. the blood-brain barrier |
front 15 The repeated exposure to a compound, which can lead to the
accumulation of that compound in cells such as adipocytes and to toxic
effects which may not occur with only short-term dosing, is
called: | back 15 c. chronic exposure |
front 16 The type of immune system reaction that results when an organism
becomes sensitized to a substance, and is characterized by symptoms
that may include itching, hives, swelling, bronchoconstriction, or
asthma, is called a/n __________. | back 16 c. anaphylactic reaction |
front 17 Thickness of __________ limits absorption of toxicants through the
skin. Toxicants pass this layer via __________. | back 17 c. stratum corneum, passive diffusion |
front 18 Which of the following is not one of the types of measurable
indicators commonly used to gauge the body’s interaction with a
foreign compound? | back 18 c. biomarkers of toxicity |