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Structure and Function of Plants (Lab Practical #1)

front 1 What do all cells possess?	back 1 A cell wall and protoplast.
front 2 What is the main purpose of the cell wall?	back 2 It surrounds the plant cell and holds the contents of the cell together.
front 3 What other functions does the cell wall serve?	back 3 Facilitates communication and the transfer of substances between cells.
front 4 What makes up the cell wall of plants?	back 4 - Middle Lamella - Primary Wall - Secondary Wall - Plasmodesmata

front 5 What does the middle lamella do?	back 5 Cements the primary walls of adjacent cells together.
front 6 What is the primary wall?	back 6 The outermost layer of the cell wall.
front 7 What is the secondary wall?	back 7 The innermost layer of the cell wall.
front 8 What is the plasmodesmata?	back 8 Cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings in cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells (for communication).

front 9 What is the protoplast?	back 9 All of the contents within the plant cell (includes nucleus and cytoplasm).
front 10 What is within the plant cell's cytoplasm?	back 10 - Nucleus - Numerous Membrane Bound Organelles
front 11 What is a plastid?	back 11 An organelle within the cell that is in charge of food manufacture and storage.
front 12 What are some examples of plastids?	back 12 Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast

front 13 What is the vacuole?	back 13 A space within the cytoplasm filled with watery fluid.
front 14 What are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm.	back 14 The epidermis of an onion.
front 15 What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, cell lumen, middle lamella and plasmodesmata.	back 15 The epidermis of a tomato.
front 16 What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, plastids, and possibly stomata.	back 16 A Celery Stalk

front 17 What type of plastid would most likely be found in tomato tissue?	back 17 Chromoplasts
front 18 What kind of plastids are probably in celery tissue?	back 18 Chloroplasts
front 19 What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the different structures.	back 19 A potato.
front 20 What kind of plastids are probably in potato tissue?	back 20 Amyloplastids

front 21 What are the three characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells?	back 21 1) Chloroplasts 2) Rigid Cell Wall 3) Plastids
front 22 What are the three principal types of plastids and what is the difference between them?	back 22 1) Chloroplast: forms in green plants 2) Chromoplast: forms in pigmented plants 3) Amyloplasts: forms in starch
front 23 What is the purpose of the plasmodesmata?	back 23 To connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells.
front 24 Define a eukaryotic cell and give two examples of eukaryotic organisms.	back 24 DEF: A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and chromosomes in which DNA is associated with proteins. EX: reptiles, birds

front 25 Define a prokaryotic cell and give an example of a prokaryotic organism.	back 25 DEF: A cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. EX: bacteria
front 26 What are the four main groups of eukaryotes?	back 26 1) Animals 2) Plants 3) Protists 4) Fungi
front 27 Briefly describe Cell Theory.	back 27 Cells create organisms.
front 28 Briefly describe Organismal Theory.	back 28 Organisms create cells.

front 29 T or F: Plants are eukaryotes.	back 29 True
front 30 What kind of species of algae is this?	back 30 Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)
front 31 Why are dinoflagellates interesting biochemically?	back 31 - Their flagella beat within two grooves. - Have permanently condensed chromosomes - Bioluminescence
front 32 What kind of reproduction do dinoflagellates have?	back 32 Longitudinal Cell Division

front 33 What kind of species is this?	back 33 Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
front 34 What substance makes up diatom walls?	back 34 Polymerized, opaline silica.
front 35 What kind of reproduction do diatoms have?	back 35 Asexual by cell division.
front 36 What kind of species is this, what is the name of the hollow chambers and what do they do?	back 36 Species: Phaeophyta (brown algae) Hollow Chambers: Conceptacles Produce: Gamete producing structures (gametangia)

front 37 What gender is this Phaeophyta conceptacle and what does it produce?	back 37 Male Conceptacle. Produces: Antheridia --> sperm
front 38 What gender is this Phaeophyta conceptacle and what does it produce?	back 38 Female Conceptacle. Produces: Oogonia (as opposed to archegonia) --> eggs
front 39 What kind of reproduction is present in "Fucus" (or Phaeophyta - brown algae)?	back 39 Zygotic Meiosis
front 40 Why are brown algae (usually) brown?	back 40 They contain xanthophyll fucoxanthin.

front 41 What is going to happen to the cells within oogonia and antheridia?	back 41 Antheridia produces sperm, Oogonia produces eggs through mitosis. They are then released for fertilization.
front 42 What kind of reproduction does Rhodophyta (red algae) undergo?	back 42 Sporic Meiosis
front 43 What is unique about Rhodophyta (red algae)?	back 43 Energy is stored as Floridean starch in the cytoplasm.
front 44 What kind of algal species is this and what are the clumped and individual structures?	back 44 Rhodophyta (red algae) Clumped structure: spermatangia Individual of clumped structure: spermatia

front 45 Why are red algae red?	back 45 They contain phycobilins.
front 46 Where do red algae tend to occur and what about their coloration is an adaptation to their habitat?	back 46 Red algae occur in deeper water, and their coloration is well suited to this habitat because it absorbs green and blue-green light that penetrates at that depth.
front 47 What is the second largest group of algae?	back 47 Chlorophyta (green algae)
front 48 What kind of grouping is Chlorophyta (green algae)?	back 48 Paraphyletic

front 49 What is the name of this specimen and what type of algae is it? What ploidy level?	back 49 Volvox aureus Chlorophyta (green algae) 1n
front 50 Is Volvox unicellular or colonial?	back 50 Colonial
front 51 Is Volvox motile or non-motile?	back 51 Motile
front 52 What are the smaller spheres inside the larger spheres in Volvox and how do they emerge from the larger sphere?	back 52 Juvenile spheroids that hatch from the larger sphere activated by heat or hormones depending upon if they're male or female.

front 53 What plant class are stoneworts a part of?	back 53 Class Charophyceae (charaphytes)
front 54 What specimen is this and what type of algae is it? Also label the cell walls and chloroplasts. What is the ploidy level?	back 54 Spirogyra Chlorophyta (green algae) 2n
front 55 What are the spiral-like structures in Spirogyra?	back 55 Chloroplasts
front 56 What specimen is this and what type of algae is it? Label the antheridium and ooganium.	back 56 Chara Chlorphyta (green algae) "Bulb" = Antheridium Green outgrowth = Ooganium

front 57 What kind of reproduction is present in Chara?	back 57 Oogamous
front 58 What cells are released by antheridia, and by what kind of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) are they produced?	back 58 Sperm by mitosis.
front 59 What kinds of cells are produced by oogonia, and by what kind of cell division are they produced?	back 59 Eggs by mitosis.
front 60 What will happen in the oogonia after fertilization?	back 60 It becomes a zygote by meiosis and than goes through mitosis.

front 61 What are the two different kinds of reproductive means of fertilization?	back 61 Zygotic and Sporic Meiosis
front 62 What is another name for Sporic Meiosis?	back 62 Alternation of Generations
front 63 What phyla is called brown algae?	back 63 Phaeophyta
front 64 What indicates all the descendants of a common ancestor?	back 64 Monophyletic Group

front 65 Meiosis in which the dominant phase is haploid (some algae and fungi).	back 65 Zygotic
front 66 Meiosis also known as "alternation of generations".	back 66 Sporic Meiosis
front 67 fThe root of a phylogenetic tree represents a ____________ .	back 67 Common Ancestor
front 68 The first photosynthetic organisms that were also called "blue-green algae".	back 68 Cyanobacteria

front 69 This phyla is also called red algae.	back 69 Rhodophyta
front 70 Cells engulfed by heterotrophic eukaryotes but, rather than being digested, became symbiotes living within the cell.	back 70 Endosymbiosis
front 71 The photosynthetic pigment that is responsible for the red color in red algae.	back 71 Phycobilins
front 72 The photosynthetic pigment that is responsible for the brown color in brown algae.	back 72 Fucocanthin

front 73 Name the three phyla of non-vascular land plants.	back 73 1) Hepatophyta (liverworts) 2) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 3) Brophyta (mosses)
front 74 What is the main function of rhizoids?	back 74 To anchor the plants.
front 75 What is the difference between sporopollenin and cuticle?	back 75 Sporopollenin keeps plant spores from drying out while the cuticle accomplishes the same task for the adult plant.
front 76 What is another term for sporangium?	back 76 "Capsule"

front 77 What is the purpose of the sporangium?	back 77 To produce spores.
front 78 Why do we use quotation marks when referring to "leaf" and "stem" in mosses?	back 78 Both of these structures are haploid rather than diploid as in true leaves and stems.
front 79 How do the pores on liverwort gametophytes and the stomata on the sporophytes of hornworts, mosses and vascular plants differ? What is their function? What are they?	back 79 Sporophytes - spore producing (diploid phase) Stomata - small openings within the epidermis of leaves and stems - only found on sporophytes, not gametophytes
front 80 List and explain the innovations that occurred in Bryophytes that distinguish them from the Charophytes.	back 80 1) the presence of male and female gametangia 2) Retention of zygote and developing multicellular embryo within female gametophyte 3) presence of diploid multicellular sporohyte 4) Multicellular sporangia 5) Meiospores w/ sporopollenin walls 6) tissues that are produced by apical meristem

front 81 What major innovations do the green algae have that connects them to land plants?	back 81 - Cellulose - Starch stored in plastids - Chlorophylls a and b etc.
front 82 Plants are also known as embryophytes. What does this term mean?	back 82 Means "plants" Includes Bryophytes and vascular plants because both produce embryos
front 83 What is the function of gemmae cups in Hepatophyta (liverworts)?	back 83 Where the gemmae is produced.
front 84 What kind of reproduction (sexual or asexual) are gemmae involved in?	back 84 Asexual reproduction.

front 85 Why are gemmae found in little cup structures?	back 85 So that they may be dispersed by rainfall.
front 86 What is the difference between a thallus liverwort and a "leafy" liverwort?	back 86 Thallus liverworts: no leaf structures and are flat "Leafy" liverworts: have leaf structure
front 87 Where does the antheridial head of a liverwort arise from?	back 87 Thallus of the gametophyte.
front 88 What is the ploidy level of the antheridial head of a liverwort?	back 88 Haploid (1n)

front 89 Once it has reached the archegoniophore in a liverwort, how does the sperm reach the egg?	back 89 Through raindrops splashing sperm onto the egg.
front 90 What is the ploidy level of the archegoniophore in a liverwort?	back 90 Haploid (1n)
front 91 Label the spores, foot, seta, calyptra and sporangium in this liverwort sporophyte.	back 91
front 92 What is the ploidy level of a liverwort sporophyte?	back 92 Diploid (2n)

front 93 How do the spores leave the sporophyte in a liverwort?	back 93 The sporophyte matures and releases the spores.
front 94 What happens to liverwort spores once they leave the sporophyte? What will they become?	back 94 The spores germinate and become male or female gametophytes.
front 95 What is this a picture of?	back 95 Bryophyte (mosses)
front 96 What are the ploidy levels of these Bryophyte structures: gametophyte, sporophyte, seta, sporangium, calyptra.	back 96 Gametophyte (1n), Sporophyte (2n), Seta (1n), Sporangium (2n), Calyptra (2n)

front 97 Where would you find a stomata?	back 97 On the gametophytes.
front 98 On this Medicago root, label the epidermis, xylem, phloem, cortex and pith.	back 98
front 99 What kinds of meristemic tissue (procambium, protoderm, or ground meristem) do the vascular bundles, epidermis, and cortex come from?	back 99 - Procambium: Vascular Bundles - Protoderm: epidermis - Ground Meristem: Cortex
front 100 What is the function of the xylem?	back 100 Conducts most of the water and minerals.

front 101 What is the function of the phloem?	back 101 Conducts food.
front 102 Label the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, xylem and phloem of the Medicago Leaf.	back 102