front 1 Cells produce alpha interferon and beta interferon in response to __________. a. helminthic infections b. protozoan infections c. viral infections d. bacterial infections | back 1 c. viral infections |
front 2 Which of these cells do NOT have phagocytic activity? a. eosinophils b. neutrophils c. lymphocytes d. macrophages | back 2 c. lymphocytes |
front 3 Which complement protein directly forms the membrane attack complex (MAC)? a. C3 b. C5 c. C1 d. C9 | back 3 d. C9 |
front 4 Which of these complement proteins binds to the surface of microbes and enhances phagocytosis in a process termed opsonization? a. C1 b. C5 c. C3b d. C9 | back 4 c. C3b |
front 5 Which of the following does NOT accurately describe innate immunity? a. It includes inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis. b. It includes the first and second lines of defense. c. It includes defenses present at birth. d. It produces strong, long-lasting memory responses. | back 5 d. It produces strong, long-lasting memory responses. |
front 6 Which of the following is NOT a chemical factor that helps the skin to be relatively resistant to infection? a. sebum b. complement proteins c. acidic pH d. lysozyme | back 6 b. complement proteins |
front 7 Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship between humans and most of the normal microbiota that live on our human skin? a. pathological b. parasitism c. commensalism d. mutualism | back 7 c. commensalism |
front 8 __________ are involved in detecting foreign invaders. They do so by binding to pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of the pathogen. a. Mucous membranes b. Inflammatory molecules c. Toll-like receptors d. Granzymes | back 8 c. Toll-like receptors |
front 9 The presence of a capsule and the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes are both involved in __________. a. helping a virus change its surface antigens b. helping bacteria kill phagocytes c. helping bacteria survive inside a phagocyte d. helping bacteria resist phagocytosis | back 9 d. helping bacteria resist phagocytosis |
front 10 __________ are inflammatory molecules that are usually found in blood in an inactive form. Once activated, they help to attract neutrophils to the injured area. a. Leukotrienes b. Kinins c. Prostaglandins d. Histamines | back 10 b. Kinins |
front 11 When attracted to an infected area, macrophages can leave the bloodstream by squeezing through the endothelial cells lining a blood vessel. What is this process called? a. margination b. adherence c. opsonization d. diapedesis | back 11 d. diapedesis |
front 12 Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in blood? a. lymphocytes b. eosinophils c. monocytes d. neutrophils | back 12 d. neutrophils |
front 13 What is the effect of alpha interferon on an uninfected cell? a. It causes the cell to activate complement. b. It causes the cell to produce antiviral proteins. c. It causes the cell to release histamines. d. It causes the cell to undergo chemotaxis. | back 13 b. It causes the cell to produce antiviral proteins. |
front 14 The __________ controls normal body temperature; it is stimulated to reset the body to a higher temperature in response to some infections. a. thymus b. complement cascade c. lacrimal apparatus d. hypothalamus | back 14 d. hypothalamus |
front 15 What is the correct name for the fluid that is collected from the body by lymphatic capillaries? a. complement b. interstitial fluid c. blood d. plasma | back 15 b. interstitial fluid |
front 16 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of antimicrobial peptides? a. They have a narrow spectrum of activity, so they are very specific. b. Microorganisms do not seem to develop resistance to them. c. They exhibit synergy when used with other antimicrobial compounds. d. They are very stable. | back 16 a. They have a narrow spectrum of activity, so they are very specific. |
front 17 Which of the following describes the correct chronological order of events in phagocytosis? a. ingestion, adherence, digestion, chemotaxis b. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion c. chemotaxis, ingestion, adherence, digestion d. ingestion, digestion, adherence, chemotaxis | back 17 b. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion |
front 18 Which of the following statements concerning lysozyme is FALSE? a. It is found in many different body fluids. b. It is an organelle in white blood cells. c. It is an enzyme. d. It breaks down peptidoglycan. | back 18 b. It is an organelle in white blood cells. |
front 19 Your lab partner slipped on his way to class and scraped his arm on the concrete. You make a smear of the fluid from his scrape and observe large nucleated cells. These cells are most likely __________. a. erythrocytes b. bacteria c. lymphocytes d. neutrophils | back 19 d. neutrophils |
front 20 Edema is defined as a collection of fluid in an area of the body. What is the physiological change that causes edema? a. activation of complement b. increased permeability of blood vessels c. fever d. constriction of blood vessels | back 20 b. increased permeability of blood vessels |
front 21 Which of the following are considered part of the host adaptive defense? a. antibodies b. inflammation c. cytotoxic T cells d. skin e. complement system | back 21 a. antibodies and c. cytotoxic T cells |
front 22 Antigen presentation is directly involved in which of the following host defenses? a. inflammation b. cell-mediated immunity c. complement system d. phagocytosis e. humoral immunity | back 22 e. humoral immunity |
front 23 Which of the following defense system would likely be involved in destroying cancer cells? a. inflammation b. phagocytosis c. humoral immunity d. cell-mediated immunity | back 23 d. cell-mediated immunity |
front 24 Antibodies are produced by _________________. a. cytotoxic T cells b. phagocytes c. B cells d. helper T cells | back 24 c. B cells |
front 25 A leukocyte with visible granules in the cytoplasm when viewed through a light microscope; includes neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. | back 25 granulocyte |
front 26 The number of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes. | back 26 differential white blood cell count |
front 27 A food vacuole of a phagocyte; also called a phagocytic vesicle. | back 27 phagosome |
front 28 Small peptide antibiotics made by human cells. | back 28 defensins |
front 29 The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora. | back 29 normal microbiota |
front 30 The process by which phagocytes move out of blood vessels. | back 30 diapedesis |
front 31 An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing bacterial cell walls. | back 31 lysozyme |
front 32 A small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation. | back 32 cytokine |
front 33 The process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of blood vessels. | back 33 margination |
front 34 A localized accumulation of pus. | back 34 abscess |
front 35 A group of serum proteins involved in phagocytosis and lysis of bacteria. | back 35 complement |
front 36 A macrophage that is located in a certain organ or tissue (e.g., liver, lungs, spleen, or lymph nodes); also called a histiocyte. | back 36 fixed macrophage |
front 37 A granulocyte (leukocyte) that readily takes up basic dye and is not phagocytic; has receptors for IgE Fc regions. | back 37 basophil |
front 38 Chemicals that promote growth of beneficial bacteria in the body. | back 38 prebiotics |
front 39 An antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity; see bacteriocin. | back 39 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) |
front 40 Microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche and prevent growth of pathogens. | back 40 probiotics |
front 41 An abnormally high body temperature. | back 41 fever |
front 42 Ciliated mucosal cells of the lower respiratory tract that move inhaled particulates away from the lungs. | back 42 ciliary escalator |
front 43 A lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells. | back 43 natural killer (NK) cell |
front 44 See mononuclear phagocytic system. | back 44 reticuloendothelial system |
front 45 The formation of blood cells. | back 45 hematopoiesis |
front 46 An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment. | back 46 fimbria or fimbriae |
front 47 A leukocyte that is the precursor of a macrophage. | back 47 monocyte |
front 48 An extension of a eukaryotic cell that aids in locomotion and feeding. | back 48 pseuopod |
front 49 A leukocyte without visible granules in the cytoplasm when viewed through a light microscope; includes monocytes and lymphocytes. | back 49 agranulocyte |
front 50 Protein that makes a pore in a target cell membrane, released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. | back 50 perforin |
front 51 Molecules present on pathogens and not self. | back 51 PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) |
front 52 The living together of two different organisms or populations. | back 52 symbiosis |
front 53 The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity. | back 53 resistance |
front 54 A type of lymphocyte; differentiates into anti-body-secreting plasma cells and memory cells. | back 54 B cell |
front 55 A substance released from tissue cells that cause vasodilation. | back 55 kinin |
front 56 A leukocyte involved in specific immune responses. | back 56 lymphocyte |
front 57 The ability, obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells. | back 57 adaptive immunity |
front 58 A protein made in response to interferon that blocks viral multiplication. | back 58 Antiviral protein (AVP) |
front 59 Attachment of a microbe or phagocyte to another's plasma membrane or other surface. | back 59 adherence |
front 60 The inner portion of the skin. | back 60 dermis |
front 61 Carbohydrate-binding proteins on a cell, not an antibody. | back 61 lectin |
front 62 The enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms with certain serum proteins (opsonins); also called immune adherence. | back 62 opsonization |
front 63 Molecules on T cells that recognize antigens. | back 63 TCRs (T cell receptors) |
front 64 A white blood cell. | back 64 Leukocyte |
front 65 Complement proteins C5-C9, which together make lesions in cell membranes that lead to cell death. | back 65 membrane attack complex (MAC) |
front 66 A host response to tissue damage characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling; and sometimes loss of function. | back 66 inflammation |
front 67 A phagocytic cell; a mature monocyte. See fixed macrophage, free wandering macrophage. | back 67 macrophage |
front 68 A rapid screening test to detect the presence of antibodies against Treponema pallidum. (VDRL stands for Venereal Disease Research Laboratory.) | back 68 VDRL test |
front 69 The ingestion of particles by eukaryotic cells. | back 69 phagocytosis |
front 70 An accumulation of dead phagocytes, dead bacterial cells and fluid. | back 70 pus |
front 71 A macrophage that leaves the blood and migrates to infected tissue. | back 71 free (wandering) macrophage |
front 72 A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction. | back 72 histamine |
front 73 The phase of a fever characterized by vasodilation and sweating. | back 73 crisis |
front 74 A digestive vacuole | back 74 phagolysosome |
front 75 Proteases that include apoptosis. | back 75 granzymes |
front 76 The outer portion of the skin. | back 76 epidermis |
front 77 Host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen. See also adaptive immunity. | back 77 innate immunity |
front 78 A highly phagocytic granulocyte; also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) or polymorph. | back 78 neutrophil |
front 79 A hormone like substance that is released by damaged cells, intensifies inflammation. | back 79 prostaglandin |
front 80 A cell capable of engulfing and digesting particles that are harmful to the body. | back 80 phagocyte |
front 81 An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues, causing swelling. | back 81 edema |
front 82 Serum proteins whose concentration changes by at least 25% during inflammation. | back 82 acute-phase proteins |
front 83 A mammalian organ responsible for maturation of the immune system. | back 83 thymus |
front 84 An enzyme that activates another protein by adding a P from ATP. | back 84 protein kinase |
front 85 The type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins. | back 85 transfer RNA (tRNA) |
front 86 Bacterial iron-binding proteins. | back 86 siderophore |
front 87 A system of fixed macrophages located in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. | back 87 mononuclear phagocytic system |
front 88 The destruction of cells, resulting from damage to their cell membrane, that causes cellular contents to leak out. | back 88 cytolysis |
front 89 A granulocyte whose granules take up the stain eosin. | back 89 eosinophil |
front 90 Membranes that line body openings, include the intestinal tract, open the exterior; also called mucosa. | back 90 mucous membranes |
front 91 A specific group of cytokines. Alpha- and beta- IFNs are antiviral proteins produces by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection. Gamma- IFN stimulates macrophage activity. | back 91 interferon (IFN) |
front 92 See neutrophil. | back 92 polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) |
front 93 A substance produced by mast cells and basophils that cause increase permeability of blood vessels and helps phagocytes attach to pathogens. | back 93 leukotriene |
front 94 Dilation or enlargement of blood vessels. | back 94 vasodilation |
front 95 Inflammation is categorized as which line of defense? | back 95 second |
front 96 Which of the following are involved in the adaptive immune response? | back 96 antibodies |
front 97 Which of the following would be considered a defense against a bacterial pathogen? mucous membranes skin cytotoxic cells all of the above | back 97 all of the above |
front 98 Which of the following would be involved in defending the body against all pathogens? | back 98 first and second line defenses |
front 99 Which of the following are involved in host surveillance of pathogens? antibodies phagocytes cytotoxic T-cells all of the above none of the above | back 99 all of the above |
front 100 How do bacteria such as Listeria escape phagocytosis? They resist lysosomal enzymes. They prevent the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome. They inhibit the oxidative burst pathway. They literally escape from the phagosome. | back 100 They literally escape from the phagosome. |
front 101 How does Streptococcus pneumoniae avoid destruction by the host immune system? It resists phagocytosis. It produces a capsule, which makes it undetectable by the immune system. It alters its surface antigens frequently. all of the above none of the above | back 101 It produces a capsule, which makes it undetectable by the immune system. |
front 102 Why does altering surface antigens help pathogens hide from the immune system? It allows the cells to destroy the antibodies that detect it. It allows the pathogens to replicate inside the phagocyte. It prevents the cells from being phagocytized. It selects for surface antigens that are not recognized by the immune system. | back 102 It selects for surface antigens that are not recognized by the immune system. |
front 103 Why is peptidoglycan an antigen that immune cells detect? It enables the phagocytes to easily grab the bacterium. It is rather large. It is unique to bacteria, and absent from host cells. | back 103 It is unique to bacteria, and absent from host cells. |
front 104 What is the function of leukocidins? | back 104 killing of phagocytes |
front 105 How might Neisseria inactivate host defenses? | back 105 They secrete peptidase to destroy IgA AND they use a control molecule mimic to inactivate the complement system. |
front 106 How do superantigens help a pathogen survive? | back 106 They distract the host from eliciting a specific immune response against the pathogen. |
front 107 Which pathogen would use immune system suppression to evade destruction by the host? | back 107 measles |
front 108 Which of these molecules or structures is/are NOT associated with innate immunity? macrophages lysozyme phagocytes mucous membranes antibodies | back 108 antibodies |
front 109 The epidermis __________. serves as one of the more common portals of entry for pathogens is below the dermis is composed of loosely packed cells is composed largely of epidermal cells, all of which are alive contains the protein keratin | back 109 contains the protein keratin |
front 110 The ID50 for many pathogens is significantly smaller when testing with gnotobiotic animals compared to animals with normal microbiota. This is likely because of __________. commensalism microbial antagonism impaired phagocytosis complement inactivation parasitism | back 110 microbial antagonism |
front 111 The respiratory system is protected against harmful microbes by all of the following EXCEPT __________. ciliated cells the epiglottis the lacrimal apparatus mucus-coated hairs the ciliary escalator | back 111 the lacrimal apparatus |
front 112 Which of the following statements about sebum is NOT true? It raises the pH of skin. Accutane limits acne by preventing its formation. It is secreted by sebaceous glands. Its metabolism can result in acne. It has antimicrobial properties. | back 112 It raises the pH of skin. |
front 113 One remarkable finding on a patient's laboratory workup is a marked eosinophilia. This might be suggestive of __________. a parasitic infection a viral infection an allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction a bacterial infection either a parasitic infection or an allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction | back 113 either a parasitic infection or an allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction |
front 114 Which of these structures are NOT part of the mononuclear phagocytic system? lymphocytes Kupffer's cells alveolar macrophages microglial cells wandering macrophages | back 114 lymphocytes |
front 115 Which answer is NOT true for adherence of a phagocyte to a microbe? Antibody molecules attached to the microbe will limit adherence. The M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes limits adherence. Adherence is a critical step in phagocytosis. Complement molecules attached to the microbe can enhance adherence. A capsule limits adherence. | back 115 Antibody molecules attached to the microbe will limit adherence. |
front 116 Which answer is true for bacterial destruction by phagocytosis? Phagolysosomes have a neutral pH. Listeria monocytogenes is killed within the phagolysosome. Lipids and proteins, but not nucleic acids, can be digested inside lysosomes. Toxic oxygen products, such as hydrogen peroxide, are removed. Myeloperoxidase in lysosomes is involved in the formation of HOCl. | back 116 Myeloperoxidase in lysosomes is involved in the formation of HOCl. |
front 117 The stage of phagocytosis in which the phagocyte's plasma membrane attaches to the surface of the microbe is called __________. cytolysis ingestion fusion chemotaxis adherence | back 117 adherence |
front 118 Which answer is NOT true of the inflammatory process? The area becomes red because of a decrease in capillary diameter. Kinins cause increased capillary permeability. Leukotrienes cause increased capillary permeability. Swelling occurs because of vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Edema occurs. | back 118 The area becomes red because of a decrease in capillary diameter. |
front 119 Which of the following statements is NOT true of inflammation? Granulocytes that have died are commonly engulfed by macrophages. Vasodilation causes redness in affected tissues. Inflammation can be triggered by microbial infection, burns, exposure to chemicals, or trauma. Many neutrophils can be found at the site of chronic inflammation. Histamine released by damaged host cells can result in vasodilation. | back 119 Many neutrophils can be found at the site of chronic inflammation. |
front 120 Activation of the complement cascade __________. can reduce inflammation reduces swelling in affected tissues typically reduces the ability of phagocytes to engulf microbes can cause the infecting microbe to be killed by lysis prevents cleavage of complement proteins, such as C3 and C5 | back 120 can cause the infecting microbe to be killed by lysis |
front 121 Complement can be activated by all of the following EXCEPT __________. antigen–antibody binding mannose-binding lectins opsonization contact with a pathogen the presence of host tissue | back 121 the presence of host tissue |
front 122 Which of the following statements is NOT true of nitric oxide (NO)? It can be produced by blood vessel endothelial cells. It is of little value in killing microbes or tumor cells. It can be produced by macrophages that have been induced to produce NO synthase. Excessive production can cause septic shock. It can cause relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle. | back 122 It is of little value in killing microbes or tumor cells. |
front 123 Assume you mix red blood cells, antibodies against the red blood cells, and complement in a test tube. What would you expect to see? phagocytosis agglutination of the red blood cells opsonization of the red blood cells shrinkage (crenation) of the red blood cells lysis of the red blood cells | back 123 lysis of the red blood cells |
front 124 Which of the following statements is NOT true of the classical pathway of complement activation? C5b joins C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form the membrane attack complex. C3 is the first component to be activated. Activated C2a and C4b activate C3. C1 is activated by an antigen–antibody complex Activated C1 activates C2 and C4. | back 124 C3 is the first component to be activated. |
front 125 Complement component C3, in the classical pathway, is split by __________. C2bC4b C4bC4a C5 C2bC4a C2aC4b | back 125 C2aC4b |
front 126 Which of the following occurs first, setting in motion the remaining events? Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced and damage microbes in a variety of ways. Adaptive immune responses are initiated. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and dendritic cells attach to pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPS) on invading microorganisms. Additional dendritic cells are attracted to the infection site by AMPs. The macrophages and dendritic cells release cytokines. | back 126 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and dendritic cells attach to pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPS) on invading microorganisms. |
front 127 Interferons ___________. can protect any host against any virus are both host-specific and virus-specific are host-specific but not virus-specific are useful only for treating viral infections are virus-specific but not host-specific | back 127 are host-specific but not virus-specific |