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A&P I - Joints

front 1 Joints (aka Articulartions)	back 1 Sites where 2 or more bones meet.
front 2 Functions of Joints	back 2 Functions of joints: give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
front 3 Classifications of Joints	back 3 2 classifications of Joints: 1. Structural: 3 types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present. Fibrous (Connective Tissue) Cartilaginous (Cartilage) Synovial (Joint Cavity) 2. Functional classifications: 3 types based on movement joint allows Synarthroses: immovable joints Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints Diarthroses: freely movable joints (synovial joints)
front 4 Fibrous Joints	back 4 Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue No joint cavity Most are immovable (Depends on length of connective tissue fibers) Three types of fibrous joints Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses

front 5 Fibrous Joints: Sutures	back 5 Fibrous joint Rigid, interlocking joints of skull Allow for growth during youth (Contain short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion) In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse (Immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects brain)
front 6 Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses	back 6 Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue Fiber length varies, so movement varies Short fibers offer little to no movement - ex: inferior tibiofibular joint, which is the tibia/fibula Longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement ex: interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
front 7 Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses	back 7 Peg-in-socket joints Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament Holds tooth in socket
front 8 Cartilaginous Joints	back 8 Bones united by cartilage Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity Not highly movable (slightly movable) Two types: Synchondroses Symphyses

front 9 Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses	back 9 Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones Almost all are synarthrotic (immovable) Examples–Temporary epiphyseal plate joints§Become synostoses after plate closure Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
front 10 Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses	back 10 Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint Hyaline cartilage also present as articular cartilage on bony surfaces Symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints Examples: Intervertebral joints Pubic symphysis
front 11 Synovial Joints	back 11 Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity All are diarthrotic (freely movable) Include almost all limb joints
front 12 Characteristics of synovial joints	back 12 Characteristics of synovial joints: Have six general features Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them Stability is influenced by three factors Allow several types of movements Classified into six different types

front 13 General Structure of Synovial Joints:	back 13 Synovial joints have 6 general features: 1. Articular cartilage 2. Joint (synovial) cavity 3. Articular (joint) capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Different types of reinforcing ligaments 6. Nerves & blood vessels
front 14 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Articular Cartilage	back 14 1. Articular cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones (Prevents crushing of bone ends)
front 15 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Joint (Synovial) Cavity	back 15 2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
front 16 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Articular (joint) capsule	back 16 3. Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers thick -External fibrous layer: dense regular CT -Inner synovial membrane: loose CT that makes synovial fluid

front 17 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Synovial fluid	back 17 4. Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma & hyaluronic acid. Lubricates & nourishes articular cartilage. Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes & debris.
front 18 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Different Types of reinforcing ligaments	back 18 5. Different types of reinforcing ligaments -Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer -Extracapsular: outside the capsule -Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
front 19 General Structure of Synovial Joints: Nerves & blood vessels	back 19 6. Nerves & blood vessels: Nerves detect pain; monitor joint position & stretch. Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid.
front 20 General Structure of Synovial Joints - other features	back 20 Other features of some synovial joints: Fatty pads (For cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone) Articular discs (menisci) (Meniscus for singular - seen in knee joint) Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear

front 21 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths	back 21 Bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricating “ball bearing” Not strictly part of synovial joints, but closely associated Bursae: reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
front 22 Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints	back 22 Three factors determine stability of joints to prevent dislocations: Shape of articular surface (minor role) Shallow surfaces less stable than ball-and-socket Ligament number and location (limited role) The more ligaments, the stronger the joint Muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints (most important) Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
front 23 Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints	back 23 All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points Origin: attachment to immovable bone (fixed point) Insertion: attachment to movable bone (movable point) Muscle contraction causes insertion to move toward origin Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
front 24 3 General Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints	back 24 Three general types of movements Gliding Angular movements Rotation

front 25 Synovial Joints: Gliding Movements	back 25 Gliding movements: One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. Examples: Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints Between articular processes of vertebrae
front 26 Synovial Joints: Angular Movements	back 26 Angular movements: Increase or decrease angle between 2 bones. Movement along sagittal plane. Angular movements include: Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint Extension: increases the angle of the joint Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward midline Circumduction Involves flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction of limb Limb describes cone in space
front 27 Synovial Joint - Angular Movements in Pictures	back 27
front 28 Synovial Joints: Rotations	back 28 Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it Medial: rotation toward midline Lateral: rotation away from midline Examples Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae Rotation of humerus and femur

front 29 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Supination and pronation	back 29 Supination and pronation: rotation of radius and ulna Supination: palms face anteriorly Radius and ulna are parallel Pronation: palms face posteriorly Radius rotates over ulna
front 30 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Inversion and Eversion	back 30 Inversion and eversion of foot Inversion: sole of foot faces medially Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
front 31 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Protraction and retraction	back 31 Protraction and retraction: movement in lateral plane Protraction: mandible juts out Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
front 32 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion	back 32 Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin Plantar flexion: pointing toes

front 33 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Elevation and Depression of mandible	back 33 Elevation and depression of mandible: Elevation: lifting body part superiorly Example: shrugging shoulders Depression: lowering body part Example: opening jaw
front 34 Synovial Joints, Special movements: Opposition	back 34 Opposition: movement of thumb Example: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement
front 35 Six different types of synovial joints	back 35 Categories are based on shape of articular surface, as well as movement joint is capable of Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-and-socket
front 36 Synovial Plane Joint - diagram	back 36

front 37 Synovial Hinge Joint - diagram	back 37
front 38 Synovial Pivot Joint - diagram	back 38
front 39 Synovial Condylar Joint - diagram	back 39
front 40 Synovial Saddle Joint - diagram	back 40

front 41 Synovial Ball-and-socket Joint: diagram	back 41
front 42 Knee Joint	back 42 Largest, most complex joint of body. Consists of joints surrounded by single cavity. Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly Anteriorly, quadriceps tendon gives rise to 3 broad ligaments that run from patella to tibia Medial and lateral patellar retinacula that flank the patellar ligament Doctors tap patellar ligament to test knee-jerk reflex At least 12 bursae associated with knee joint
front 43 Knee Joint: Femoropatellar joint	back 43 Femoropatellar joint (femur & patella) Plane joint Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
front 44 Knee Joint: Lateral & Medial Joints	back 44 Lateral joint and Medial joint Lateral and medial joints together are called tibiofemoral joint (femur & tibia) Joint between femoral condyles and lateral and medial menisci of tibia Hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee partly flexed

front 45 Three ligaments that act to stabilize knee joint	back 45 Capsular, extracapsular, or intracapsular ligaments
front 46 Intracapsular ligaments	back 46 1 of 3 ligaments that act to stabilize knee joint Intracapsular ligaments reside within capsule, but outside synovial cavity: -Help to prevent anterior-posterior displacement -Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Attaches to anterior tibia & prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee -Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)* *Attaches to posterior tibia & prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur
front 47 Capsular, extracapsular ligaments	back 47 2 of 3 ligaments that act to stabilize knee joint: Capsular & extracapsular ligaments help prevent hyperextension of knee Fibular & tibial collateral ligaments: prevent rotation when knee is extended Oblique popliteal ligament: stabilizes posterior knee joint Arcuate popliteal ligament: reinforces joint capsule posteriorly
front 48 Common Knee Injuries	back 48 Knee absorbs great amount of vertical force; however, it is vulnerable to horizontal blows Common knee injuries involved the 3 C’s: 1. Collateral ligaments (tibia & fibula) 2. Cruciate ligaments (ant / posterior) 3. Cartilages (menisci) (medial & lateral) –Lateral blows to extended knee can result in tears in tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, & anterior cruciate ligament –Injuries affecting just ACL are common in runners who change direction, twisting ACL –Surgery usually needed for repairs

front 49 Common Joint Injuries: Cartilage Tears	back 49 Cartilage tears: Due to compression and shear stress Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind Cartilage rarely repairs itself Repaired with arthroscopic surgery Partial menisci removal renders joint less stable but mobile; complete removal leads to osteoarthritis Meniscal transplant possible in younger patients Perhaps meniscus grown from own stem cells in future
front 50 Common Joint Injuries: Sprains	back 50 Sprains Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn Common sites are ankle, knee, & lumbar region of back Partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization 3 options if torn completely: Ends of ligaments can be sewn together Replaced with grafts Just allow time and immobilization for healing