front 1 stimulus | back 1 a feature in the environment that is detected by an organism or that leads to a change in behavior |
front 2 response | back 2 an observable reaction to a stimulus |
front 3 conditioning | back 3 a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections, in which the response is conditional on the stimulus |
front 4 classical conditioning | back 4 a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response |
front 5 unconditioned response | back 5 in classical conditioning, an unlearned response |
front 6 unconditioned stimulus | back 6 in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, naturally occurring response |
front 7 conditioned response | back 7 a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
front 8 conditioned stimulus | back 8 a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response |
front 9 taste aversion | back 9 a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation |
front 10 extinction | back 10 in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus |
front 11 spontaneous recovery | back 11 the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed |
front 12 generalization | back 12 the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have similar characteristics |
front 13 discrimination | back 13 in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from other stimuli that are similar |
front 14 flooding | back 14 based on the principles of classical conditioning, a fear-reduction technique that involves exposing the individual to a harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished |
front 15 systematic desensitization | back 15 a type of counterconditioning, used to treat phobias, in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
front 16 counterconditioning | back 16 a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response |
front 17 operant conditioning | back 17 learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement |
front 18 reinforcement | back 18 a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response |
front 19 primary reinforcers | back 19 stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning |
front 20 secondary reinforcers | back 20 stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with a primary reinforcer |
front 21 positive reinforcers | back 21 encouraging stimuli that increase the frequency of a behavior when they are presented |
front 22 schedule of reinforcement | back 22 a timetable for when and how often reinforcement for a particular behavior occurs |
front 23 continuous reinforcement | back 23 the reinforcement of a desired response every time it occurs |
front 24 partial reinforcement | back 24 a type of conditioned learning in which only some of the responses are reinforced |
front 25 shaping | back 25 in operant conditioning, a procedure in which reinforcement guides behavior toward closer approximations of the desired goal |
front 26 latent learning | back 26 learning that occurs but remains hidden until there is a need to use it |
front 27 observational learning | back 27 learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others |