front 1 In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________. internal, covert activities outward behavior overt actions and reactions only animal behavior | back 1 internal, covert activities |
front 2 The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology? structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis behaviorism | back 2 psychoanalysis |
front 3 Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? William James Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner Wilhelm Wundt | back 3 B. F. Skinner |
front 4 Which of the following terms do NOT belong together? structuralism; observable behavior Gestalt; whole psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict natural selection; functionalism | back 4 structuralism; observable behavior |
front 5 Which of the following statements is correct? A psychologist has no medical training. A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school, not medical school. Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication. An M.D. and a Ph.D. are pretty much the same thing. | back 5 A psychologist has no medical training. |
front 6 The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is, "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? "What is a neuropsychologist?" "What is a forensic psychologist?" "What is a psychiatric social worker?" "What is a developmental psychologist?" | back 6 "What is a psychiatric social worker?" |
front 7 Pavlov's research demonstrated that ________. involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell) an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food) an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking) | back 7 involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell) |
front 8 Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ________. psychiatrist psychoanalyst humanistic psychologist school psychologist | back 8 psychiatrist |
front 9 Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? Gestaltist behavioralist psychodynamic functionalist | back 9 behavioralist |
front 10 Who was an early proponent of functionalism? Ivan Pavlov William James Wilhelm Wundt Max Wertheimer | back 10 William James |
front 11 Freud stressed the importance of ________. early childhood experiences adolescence early adulthood middle adulthood | back 11 early childhood experiences |
front 12 In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________. William James William Tell Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud | back 12 Wilhelm Wundt |
front 13 The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they: examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes. were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain. realized the limits of introspection and focused on the function of behaviors. were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin. | back 13 examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes. |
front 14 Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________. learned; inherited repressed conflicts; learned sexual; unconscious conditioned; unconditioned | back 14 repressed conflicts; learned |
front 15 On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ________. podiatrist psychiatrist clinical psychologist counseling psychologist | back 15 psychiatrist |
front 16 You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? behaviorism humanism functionalism psychodynamics | back 16 humanism |
front 17 Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? psychoanalysis humanism cognitive perspective behaviorism | back 17 humanism |
front 18 How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology? Behaviorism Cognitivism Functionalism Structuralism | back 18 Functionalism |
front 19 What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? free will brain physiology the unconscious mind external consequences | back 19 the unconscious mind |
front 20 Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"? Gestaltist behaviorist structuralist functionalist | back 20 Gestaltist |
front 21 The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. intervention objective introspection insight inventory induction | back 21 objective introspection |
front 22 The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying: the reasons people give for their behaviors. the specific personality traits that lead to behavior. how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. the purposes of people's behavior. | back 22 how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. |
front 23 The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? "Who is B.F. Skinner?" "Who are the humanists?" "Who is Sigmund Freud?" "Who are the behaviorists?" | back 23 "Who is Sigmund Freud?" |
front 24 The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________. dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response | back 24 dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning |
front 25 Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? the scientific study of behavior the scientific study of mental processes the scientific study of behavior and mental processes the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes | back 25 the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
front 26 ________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. The double-blind study Field research The single-blind study Correlational research | back 26 The double-blind study |
front 27 Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? describing explaining predicting changing | back 27 describing |
front 28 A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used? survey experiment case study naturalistic observation | back 28 survey |
front 29 A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) ________. coefficient of correlation dependent variable control condition independent variable | back 29 independent variable |
front 30 Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the _________ is held constant. inferential statistics placebos independent variables hypotheses | back 30 independent variables |
front 31 A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise. The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet. The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed. The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed. | back 31 The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise. |
front 32 Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from two goals of psychology—description and ________. control explanation predicting changing | back 32 explanation |
front 33 Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association? Participants may not withdraw once they start. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision. Participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind. Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research. | back 33 Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision. |
front 34 Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct? There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals. There are rules that prevent the killing of animals. Pain and suffering of animals are allowed, but only when necessary, and must be minimized as much as possible. New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research. | back 34 Pain and suffering of animals are allowed, but only when necessary, and must be minimized as much as possible. |
front 35 In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is ________. the use of nicotine the use of a driving simulator the number of collisions the driving skills of each driver | back 35 the use of nicotine |
front 36 Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ________. participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science. participants may withdraw from the study at any time. | back 36 participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment |
front 37 A good control group ________. contains at least one confound has a limited number of dependent variables has a limited number of research participants holds constant all variables in the experiment | back 37 holds constant all variables in the experiment |
front 38 Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment? In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition. In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition. Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over. The best formula for random assignment is birth dates. | back 38 In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition. |
front 39 Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ________. naturalistic observation method experimental method survey method psychometric approach | back 39 naturalistic observation method |
front 40 Sally proposes the idea that one's sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of the scientific method? testing the hypothesis observing events forming a hypothesis formulating a theory | back 40 forming a hypothesis |
front 41 What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly? to comply with legal requirements to identify all the extraneous variables to allow researchers to replicate experiments to explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them | back 41 to allow researchers to replicate experiments |
front 42 Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? You sleep because you are tired. You throw up after eating bad meat. You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol. | back 42 You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol. |
front 43 In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is ________. the use of nicotine the use of a driving simulator the number of collisions the driving skills of each driver | back 43 the number of collisions |
front 44 In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine comprise the ________. control group driving simulator experimental group no-control group | back 44 control group |
front 45 Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________. give the survey to every college junior in the country remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie draw a representative sample among college juniors | back 45 draw a representative sample among college juniors |
front 46 The tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called ________. the principle of falsifiability confirmation bias criterion validity volunteer bias | back 46 confirmation bias |
front 47 Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation? It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid. It involves observing behavior in its natural context. It is basically the same process as objective introspection. It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings. | back 47 It involves observing behavior in its natural context. |
front 48 "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n) ________. conclusion result hypothesis fact | back 48 hypothesis |
front 49 The first step in any scientific investigation is ________. forming the hypothesis perceiving the question coming to a conclusion developing an argument | back 49 perceiving the question |
front 50 Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is: the self-reported mood. the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes. the individuals who run for 0 minutes. the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill. | back 50 the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill. |
front 51 Double-blind studies control for ________. only the placebo effect only the experimenter effect both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect extrinsic motivation | back 51 both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect |
front 52 ________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. The double-blind study Field research The single-blind study Correlational research | back 52 The single-blind study |
front 53 Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average? | back 53 Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? |
front 54 Warren is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection? temporal parietal frontal occipital | back 54 frontal |
front 55 Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain? occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe frontal lobe | back 55 occipital lobe |
front 56 The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ________. temporal lobes parietal lobes frontal lobes occipital lobes | back 56 temporal lobes |
front 57 If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the area of the brain called the ________. hippocampus hypothalamus fornix amygdala | back 57 hippocampus |
front 58 Neuroplasticity is most evident in which of the following circumstances? during the elderly years when we learn something new or store new information when we are trying to undo previous pruning when reuptake of excess neurotransmitters is taking place | back 58 when we learn something new or store new information |
front 59 The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. brain; spinal cord autonomic; somatic nervous systems peripheral nervous system; central nervous system glands; muscles | back 59 peripheral nervous system; central nervous system |
front 60 Which of the following is a function of the right hemisphere? perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns sense of time and rhythm speech, handwriting, and calculation language processing in most individuals | back 60 perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns |
front 61 Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them? occipital lobe cerebrum corpus callosum cerebellum | back 61 cerebrum |
front 62 Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality? temporal lobes parietal lobes frontal lobes occipital lobes | back 62 frontal lobes |
front 63 Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage? frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobes | back 63 parietal lobes |
front 64 The function of the neuron's axon is to ________. carry messages to other cells regulate the neuron's life processes receive messages from neighboring neurons insulate against leakage of electrical impulses | back 64 carry messages to other cells |
front 65 The ________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate. reticular activating system pons medulla cerebellum | back 65 medulla |
front 66 Ever since he suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, Zack's wife has continued to tell the doctor that his personality has changed. He used to be fun loving and carefree, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason. Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the ________ of his cortex. occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe frontal lobe | back 66 frontal lobe |
front 67 The peripheral nervous system consists of ________. all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord all of the nerves in the brain and the spinal cord the spinal cord and autonomic system the brain and the autonomic system | back 67 all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord |
front 68 A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a ________. glial cell neurotransmitter precursor cell synapse | back 68 neurotransmitter |
front 69 The ________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, containing the centers for touch, body position, and temperature. frontal temporal occipital parietal | back 69 parietal |
front 70 Bill was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Bill's son visited, he found that his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Bill's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage? Broca's Gall's Wernicke's Korsakoff's | back 70 Broca's |
front 71 ________ receive messages from other neurons and ________ send messages to other neurons. Axons; dendrites Axon; soma Soma; glial cells Dendrites; axons | back 71 Dendrites; axons |
front 72 The term neurotransmitter refers to ________. a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system the chemical substance found in the cell membrane the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron | back 72 a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse |
front 73 Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy; he can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ________, which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma. adaptology stagnation neuroplasticity reflex arc | back 73 neuroplasticity |
front 74 The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as ________. cerebral hemispheres cerebellums corpus callosums neurotransmitters | back 74 cerebral hemispheres |
front 75 The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body. soma synapse nervous system endorphins | back 75 nervous system |
front 76 The brain and spinal cord are two components of the ________. central nervous system somatic nervous system peripheral nervous system autonomic nervous system | back 76 central nervous system |
front 77 After a head injury, a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ________ lobe. occipital parietal temporal frontal | back 77 occipital |
front 78 Tracey has been unable to participate in her gymnastics class and has become very uncoordinated since she was involved in an accident where she suffered a head injury. As a result of the accident, she was likely to have suffered damage to her ________. cerebellum medulla cerebral cortex hypothalamus | back 78 cerebellum |
front 79 ________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. Serotonin Testosterone Estrogen Melatonin | back 79 Melatonin |
front 80 The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep. Stage 1 (N1) Stage 2 (N2) Stage 3 (N3) REM | back 80 Stage 3 (N3) |
front 81 REM sleep refers to ________. dreamless sleep sleep induced by sleeping pills sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly | back 81 sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly |
front 82 Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms? narcolepsy sleep apnea sleep terror REM sleep behavior | back 82 sleep apnea |
front 83 Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ________. narcolepsy parasomnia REM rebound sleep apnea | back 83 narcolepsy |
front 84 What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night? Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings. The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays. Heart rates typically increase at night. Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness. | back 84 Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness. |
front 85 The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the ________. optic nerve frontal lobe hypothalamus median forebrain bundle | back 85 hypothalamus |
front 86 Which of these individuals has the highest risk of sleep apnea? John, 62 years old, who is overweight Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia Jack, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis | back 86 John, 62 years old, who is overweight |
front 87 Jaden is 11 years old, and still urinates in the bed while he sleeps. While this does not happen every night, it is highly embarrassing for him and is becoming a problem for the family. From which disorder is Jaden suffering? enuresis narcolepsy sleep terror daytime insomnia | back 87 enuresis |
front 88 Narcolepsy occurs when ________. REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks inadequate levels of Stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage | back 88 REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness |
front 89 CPAP stands for ________. continuous positive airway pressure cancer prevention application procedure controlled pulmonary air pump correctable pointed airflow problem | back 89 continuous positive airway pressure |
front 90 A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________. sleep apnea insomnia narcolepsy cataplexy | back 90 sleep apnea |
front 91 Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation? hyperactivity cheerfulness depression nausea | back 91 depression |
front 92 Consciousness is the ________. state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes awareness of ourselves and the environment memory of personally experienced events intentional recollection of an item of information | back 92 awareness of ourselves and the environment |
front 93 A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle. infradian circadian diurnal ultradian | back 93 circadian |
front 94 Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? T ake sleeping pills. Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system." Study in bed and then go immediately to sleep. Don't do anything but sleep in your bed. | back 94 Don't do anything but sleep in your bed. |
front 95 What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis? daydreaming meditative absorption stream of consciousness altered state of consciousness | back 95 altered state of consciousness |
front 96 The state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, and we feel alert is called ________. altered state of consciousness waking consciousness self-awareness intelligence | back 96 waking consciousness |
front 97 Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called ________. delta waves sleep spindles paradoxical sleep waves beta waves | back 97 sleep spindles |
front 98 The difference between insomnia and apnea is that ________. apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children insomnia is treatable but apnea is not insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not | back 98 insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties |
front 99 A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. zombulism cataplexy narcolepsy insomnia | back 99 insomnia |
front 100 Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves? electromyograph (EMG) electrocardiograph (EKG) electro-oculograph (EOG) electroencephalograph (EEG) | back 100 electroencephalograph (EEG) |
front 101 A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________. deep content latent content manifest content subliminal content | back 101 latent content |
front 102 Morphine, heroin, and methadone ________. are stimulants are derived from opium are often used to treat ADHD increase the action of the central nervous system | back 102 are derived from opium |
front 103 Caffeine is a ________. stimulant depressant narcotic psychogenic drug | back 103 stimulant |
front 104 After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing? tolerance physical dependence withdrawal drug intoxication | back 104 withdrawal |
front 105 Nicotine is a ________. stimulant depressant narcotic psychogenic drug | back 105 stimulant |
front 106 Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________. drug tolerance drug detoxification withdrawal overdrawal | back 106 drug tolerance |
front 107 The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________. the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing education state of suggestibility time of day | back 107 state of suggestibility |
front 108 Which of the following is classified as a depressant? cocaine alcohol heroin marijuana | back 108 alcohol |
front 109 What is the primary difference between a hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucination? Hypnogogic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up. Hypnogogic hallucinations occur in REM sleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur in NREM sleep. Hypnogogic hallucinations occur in NREM sleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur in REM sleep. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnogogic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up. | back 109 Hypnogogic hallucinations occur just after we've fallen asleep, while hypnopompic hallucinations occur between REM sleep and waking up. |
front 110 Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called ________. legal drugs illegal drugs hallucinogens psychoactive drugs | back 110 psychoactive drugs |
front 111 Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________. narcotics depressants illegal amphetamines | back 111 amphetamines |
front 112 Selma notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ________. withdrawal tolerance physiological dependence psychological dependence | back 112 psychological dependence |
front 113 According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the ________. deep content latent content manifest content subliminal content | back 113 latent content |
front 114 Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called ________. stimulants depressants narcotics psychogenics | back 114 stimulants |
front 115 When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________. loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting increased appetite, sleepiness, and euphoria heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure | back 115 loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting |
front 116 The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that ________. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems dreaming is a byproduct of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections | back 116 dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals |
front 117 Which statement is CORRECT concerning marijuana? There is evidence that marijuana is physically addictive. There is evidence that marijuana is psychologically addictive. There is evidence that marijuana causes cancer. Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence. | back 117 Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence. |
front 118 You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? psychotherapy reprogramming autosuggestion hypnosis | back 118 hypnosis |
front 119 In comparing the dreams of men and women, researchers have found that generally ________. there is no difference between them men dream more about home and family than women do women dream more often about strangers than men do Men's dreams more often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex | back 119 Men's dreams more often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex |
front 120 Psychoactive drugs are ________. drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system drugs capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system drugs derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria | back 120 drugs capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory |
front 121 Freud believed that dreams ________. stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires are sexual perversions are reflections of consciousness are ways to solve problems | back 121 stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires |
front 122 The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ________. a craving tolerance obsessive compulsion physical dependence | back 122 physical dependence |
front 123 Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? if it is a primary reinforcer if it is a positive reinforcer if it is a negative reinforcer regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur | back 123 regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur |
front 124 Veronica has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Veronica never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Veronica's boss is reinforcing his workers according to a ________ schedule. fixed interval fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval | back 124 variable interval |
front 125 A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep after they become sick from the bait he leaves. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this. observational learning latent learning instrumental conditioning conditioned taste aversions | back 125 conditioned taste aversions |
front 126 Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________. unconditioned response voluntary response conditioned response digestive reflux | back 126 unconditioned response |
front 127 A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior. motivates; stimulates weakens; strengthens inhibits; motivates strengthens; weakens | back 127 strengthens; weakens |
front 128 After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred. behavior modification stimulus discrimination extinction stimulus generalization | back 128 stimulus generalization |
front 129 What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? punishment positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement | back 129 punishment |
front 130 A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. primary negative positive secondary | back 130 primary |
front 131 For every five times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This BEST illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement? fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval fixed interval | back 131 fixed ratio |
front 132 When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________. unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned response conditioned stimulus | back 132 unconditioned response |
front 133 Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________. can potentially reinforce or punish behavior do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever do not inherently satisfy physical needs only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise | back 133 do not inherently satisfy physical needs |
front 134 Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement? fixed interval fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval | back 134 fixed ratio |
front 135 Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ________. blocking conditioned taste-aversion operant taste conditioning noncontingent conditioning | back 135 conditioned taste-aversion |
front 136 The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________. Skinner Tolman Kohler Pavlov | back 136 Pavlov |
front 137 What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear? Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat. Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly. Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present. | back 137 Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. |
front 138 A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning biofeedback theory social learning theory | back 138 operant conditioning |
front 139 A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning vicarious learning cognitive learning | back 139 operant conditioning |
front 140 As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________. instrumental learning observational learning classical conditioning habituation | back 140 classical conditioning |
front 141 ________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Learning Adaptation Memory enhancement Muscle memory | back 141 Learning |
front 142 Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________. unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned response conditioned stimulus | back 142 unconditioned stimulus |
front 143 Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________. unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response | back 143 conditioned stimulus |
front 144 Ira has been smoking cigarettes for years, and particularly enjoys smoking when he goes to a casino to play blackjack. He recently quit smoking and has been cigarette-free for eight months. In that time, he has also had no opportunity to go back to a casino to play cards. Tonight, he and some friends went to play blackjack, and once he sat down at the table he got a sudden and irresistible urge to smoke a cigarette, and ended up smoking a pack in one night. Ira's unexpected desire to smoke was a result of ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning latent learning observational learning | back 144 classical conditioning |
front 145 Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response. classical counterconditioned conditioned emotional positively reinforced negatively reinforced | back 145 conditioned emotional |
front 146 A monthly paycheck BEST represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio | back 146 fixed interval |
front 147 Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule. variable ratio variable interval fixed interval fixed ratio | back 147 fixed interval |
front 148 Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ________. colorful clown brown mouse white rat white puppy | back 148 white rat |
front 149 The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________. operant conditioning classical conditioning effective based learning spontaneous recovery | back 149 operant conditioning |