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Micro Bio Chapter 10 Final Exam

front 1

Broad-spectrum synthetic antimicrobials were discovered by

back 1

Gerhard Domagk.

front 2

An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?

back 2

Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure.

front 3

Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?

back 3

bacterial cells

front 4

Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?

back 4

They have a broader spectrum of action.

front 5

A medication which specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid is

back 5

isoniazid.

front 6

Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function?

back 6

amphotericin B

front 7

A new antibacterial medication prevents the assembly of ribosomes on mRNA. The new
medication would be

back 7

either an antisense RNA or a type of oxazolidinone.

front 8

This figure represents a Petri plate. The gray area is where bacteria A is growing. The black area
is where bacteria B is growing. The white area is a zone where neither organism is growing.
What is the best interpretation of what is observed on the plate?

back 8

Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A.

front 9

Which of the following types of antimicrobial agent has the narrowest spectrum of action?

back 9

antivirals

front 10

The first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infections

back 10

was an antimetabolite.

front 11

In the compound lamivudine an -SH group replaces an -OH group found in cytosine. When
used as a medication it will

back 11

interfere with nucleic acid synthesis.

front 12

Medications which should NOT be prescribed for a pregnant woman include

back 12

sulfonamides and tetracyclines.

front 13

Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?

back 13

both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush

front 14

A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use
as an oral medication. This product would be a(n)

back 14

semisynthetic antimicrobial.

front 15

The CDC issued alerts about a bacterial strain known as NDM1 (New Delhi metalo-
lactamase 1). What type of antibiotic resistance is indicated by the name?

back 15

inactivation of the drug

front 16

Bacillus licheniformis secretes a compound that inhibits the growth of other Gram-positive
bacteria. This is an example of a(n)

back 16

antibiotic.

front 17

Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by

back 17

preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.

front 18

Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by

back 18

inhibiting protein synthesis.

front 19

A medication that inhibits synthesis of ergosterol would be effective in treating

back 19

fungal infections.

front 20

A compound is structurally similar to PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis. It is most
likely a(n)

back 20

sulfonamide.

front 21

Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by trimethoprim?

back 21

the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid

front 22

Inhibiters of DNA synthesis specifically effective on prokaryotes are

back 22

quinolones.

front 23

The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a β-
lactamase inhibitor, is known as

back 23

synergism.

front 24

Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-
negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

back 24

porins

front 25

A sulfonamide and trimethoprim may be administered in combination to

back 25

reduce development of antibiotic resistance.

front 26

Who discovered the first antibiotic widely available to the general public?

back 26

Domagk

front 27

Bacterial DNA replication requires the enzyme gyrase, but eukaryotic replication does not.
Ciprofloxacin ("Cipro") inhibits gyrase activity. This is an example of

back 27

selective toxicity.

front 28

Synthetic antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are

back 28

antisense nucleic acids.

front 29

The E-test determines which of the following?

back 29

both susceptibility and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

front 30

The therapeutic range of an antimicrobial is the

back 30

range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic.

front 31

Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge
formation?

back 31

both cycloserine and vancomycin

front 32

Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for

back 32

preventing virus attachment.

front 33

Which of the following is measured in the broth dilution test?

back 33

lack of turbidity

front 34

Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.

back 34

brain

front 35

Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the
following microbes?

back 35

Candida albicans, Mycobacterium, and Clostridium difficile

front 36

The β-lactams are narrow spectrum antibacterials because

back 36

the outer membrane prevents their entry into cells.

front 37

How does resistance to drugs spread in bacterial populations?

back 37

Both horizontal gene transfer and the growth of biofilms spread drug resistance.

front 38

The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is

back 38

inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

front 39

Several antiviral medications used to treat HIV interfere with

back 39

nucleic acid synthesis.

front 40

Pentamidine is an example of an antimicrobial that

back 40

binds to DNA.

front 41

The mechanism of action of erythromycin is

back 41

inhibition of protein synthesis.

front 42

Antiviral medications can best be described as

back 42

extremely narrow spectrum synthetic antimicrobials.

front 43

Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with

back 43

nucleic acid synthesis.

front 44

The antimicrobial polymyxin is primarily effective for treating superficial infections with

back 44

Gram-negative bacteria.

front 45

Drug-resistant populations of microbes arise when

back 45

exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells, allowing overgrowth of resistant cells.

front 46

Paul Ehrlich coined the term antibiotics for the "magic bullet" antimicrobials he pursued.

back 46

FALSE

front 47

Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have no side effects against humans.

back 47

TRUE

front 48

Nucleic acid analog drugs act by inhibiting ribosome function.

back 48

FALSE

front 49

A side effect known as "black hairy tongue" may result from antifungal therapy.

back 49

FALSE

front 50

R-plasmids are extrachromosomal DNAs that contain genes for antimicrobial resistance.

back 50

TRUE

front 51

Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the
drugs out of the cell.

back 51

TRUE

front 52

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the
cell more easily.

back 52

FALSE

front 53

If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was
bactericidal.

back 53

FALSE

front 54

Medications administered intravenously can provide much higher effective concentrations
than other delivery methods.

back 54

TRUE

front 55

A compound that slows the activity of efflux pumps, when administered with an antibiotic
which requires high concentration to be effective, the combination is highly effective for treating
bacterial infections. This is an example of synergy.

back 55

TRUE

front 56

While not the first person to discover antibiotics _____ discovered the sources of many useful antibiotics.

back 56

Waksman

front 57

Selective _____ means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a
pathogen than to the host being treated.

back 57

toxicity

front 58

Nucleotide or nucleoside _____ are antimicrobial agents that mimic the
chemical structure of DNA building blocks.

back 58

analogs

front 59

The majority of broad spectrum antibacterial medications inhibit _____ synthesis.

back 59

protein

front 60

Secondary infections that result from the killing of some of the normal microbiota are called ______.

back 60

superinfections

front 61

Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called microbial _____.

back 61

antagonism

front 62

A _____ concentration of a drug is one at which microbes
survive but are not able to grow and reproduce.

back 62

bacteriostatic

front 63

The action of some antivirals prevent _____, an event shortly after
entry of the virus into the cell.

back 63

uncoating

front 64

Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally
similar to each other; this is a phenomenon known as _____ resistance.

back 64

cross

front 65

Second-generation drugs are semisynthetic drugs developed to combat ______
against an existing drug.

back 65

resistance

front 66

Drugs that slow bacterial growth would be _____ to
penicillin.

back 66

antagonistic

front 67

External infections can be treated by ______ administration, in which a drug is
applied directly to the site of infection.

back 67

topical

front 68

The abbreviation _____ stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit
the growth and reproduction of a pathogen.

back 68

MIC

front 69

Antiviral medications frequently block unique ______ to prevent
production of new virus.

back 69

enzymes

front 70

Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by blocking _____ of the
ribosome.

back 70

movement