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Exam 3

front 1

Which of the following statements about phylum Anthophyta is FALSE?

back 1

The two major classes are the monocots and dicots.

front 2

Which of the following statements about myco-heterotrophic plants is FALSE?

back 2

They are indirectly associated with an autotroph.

front 3

In a myco-heterotrophic relationship, the ___________ transfers carbohydrates to the ___________.

back 3

fungus; myco-heterotroph

front 4

The pedicel of a flower is:

back 4

the stalk of a flower in an inflorescence.

front 5

The fertile parts of a flower are the:

back 5

carpels and stamens.

front 6

The perianth consists of all the __________ of a flower.

back 6

sepals and petals

front 7

Which of the following statements about a stamen is FALSE?

back 7

It is part of the gynoecium.

front 8

The gynoecium consists of all the ______ of a flower.

back 8

carpels

front 9

The portion of a carpel that encloses the ovules is the:

back 9

ovary.

front 10

The style connects the _____ to the ______.

back 10

ovary; stigma

front 11

In axile placentation, the ovules are borne:

back 11

on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary.

front 12

A perfect flower contains:

back 12

carpels and stamens

front 13

A monoecious species has:

back 13

staminate and carpellate flowers on the same plant.

front 14

A flower that has only stamens and petals is:

back 14

imperfect and incomplete

front 15

An example of connation is the union of stamens with:

back 15

other stamens.

front 16

By definition, a flower with a aposepalous calyx has:

back 16

sepals not joined together.

front 17

In flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens attached below the ovary, the ovary is said to be:

back 17

superior.

front 18

All bilaterally symmetrical flowers are:

back 18

irregular

front 19

In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte consists of _____ cells.

back 19

7

front 20

In angiosperms, the ovary develops into a(n):

back 20

fruit.

front 21

The innermost layer of the pollen sac wall is the:

back 21

tapetum.

front 22

Microsporocytes divide by ______, forming ______.

back 22

meiosis; haploid microspores

front 23

Which of the following statements concerning pollen grain apertures is FALSE?

back 23

They are located in the intine.

front 24

Sporopollenin is the primary constituent of the:

back 24

exine.

front 25

When the microspore of an angiosperm divides, it gives rise directly to:

back 25

a generative cell and a tube cell.

front 26

A polymer in the _____ protects the pollen grain against UV radiation, dehydration, and pathogen attack.

back 26

exine

front 27

Which of the following statements about pollen grains is FALSE?

back 27

They are poorly represented in the fossil record.

front 28

About 70% of living angiosperms have a(n) _______ type of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis.

back 28

Polygonum

front 29

In the most common pattern of embryo sac development in angiosperms, how many nuclei end up at the chalazal end?

back 29

3

front 30

______ are found at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

back 30

Ovules

front 31

In embryo sac development, the egg apparatus contains the egg cell and the:

back 31

synergids.

front 32

In the center of the embryo sac are the:

back 32

polar nuclei

front 33

The mature female gametophyte is called a(n):

back 33

embryo sac.

front 34

The mature megagametophyte consists of ______ nuclei and _____ cells.

back 34

8; 7

front 35

In the process of pollination, the:

back 35

pollen passes from the anther to a stigma.

front 36

Which of the following statements concerning transmitting tissue is FALSE?

back 36

It is classified as being either wet or dry.

front 37

________ mark the pathways of sperm cell and sperm nucleus migrations within the ovule.

back 37

Actin “coronas”

front 38

In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the ______, and the other sperm fuses with the ______.

back 38

egg; polar nuclei

front 39

In most angiosperms, the primary endosperm nucleus is:

back 39

3n.

front 40

The process of double fertilization occurs:

back 40

only in angiosperms, Ephedra, and Gnetum.

front 41

The function of the endosperm is to provide ______ for the embryo.

back 41

food.

front 42

In some angiosperms, the food store of the seed is perisperm derived from the:

back 42

nucleus.

front 43

Unlike gymnosperms, the stored food in angiosperms is:

back 43

formed after fertilization.

front 44

As the seed develops, the ovary wall becomes the:

back 44

pericarp.

front 45

Myco-heterotrophs have an obligate relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus.

back 45

TRUE

front 46

A carpel is a leaflike structure that contains ovules.

back 46

TRUE

front 47

A carpel is a leaflike structure that contains ovules.

back 47

FALSE

front 48

In a carpel, the style connects the stigma with the ovary.

back 48

TRUE

front 49

If a single ovule is borne on a central column in an unpartitioned ovary, the placentation is described as parietal.

back 49

FALSE

front 50

A flower that has both stamens and carpels but lacks sepals is described as imperfect and incomplete.

back 50

FALSE

front 51

In a flower with a superior ovary, the perianth and stamens are epigynous.

back 51

FALSE

front 52

Radially symmetrical flowers are said to be irregular.

back 52

FALSE

front 53

Angiosperms have archegonia but lack antheridia.

back 53

FALSE

front 54

The function of the tapetum is to provide food for developing microspores.

back 54

TRUE

front 55

Sporopollenin protects the microgametophyte against UV radiation.

back 55

TRUE

front 56

The most common type of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis is the Polygonum type.

back 56

TRUE

front 57

The integuments envelope the nucellus except at the micropyle.

back 57

TRUE

front 58

The central cell contains the egg apparatus.

back 58

FALSE

front 59

The great majority of living angiosperms have mature embryo sacs consisting of seven cells and eight nuclei.

back 59

TRUE

front 60

The first flowering plants had a Polygonum type of embryo sac.

back 60

FALSE

front 61

Wet stigmas have a cuticle that contains a hydrated layer of proteins, carbohydates, and lipids.

back 61

FALSE

front 62

The male germ unit consists of two sperms cells physically associated with the vegetative nucleus.

back 62

TRUE

front 63

The male germ unit consists of two sperms cells physically associated with the vegetative nucleus.

back 63

FALSE

front 64

Synergids produce chemicals that attract the pollen tube.

back 64

TRUE

front 65

Endosperm may be an evolutionary derivative of a second embryo.

back 65

TRUE

front 66

In angiosperms, embryogeny begins with a free nuclear stage.

back 66

FALSE

front 67

Perisperm develops from the proliferation of the nucellus.

back 67

TRUE

front 68

Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are the layers of the ovary wall in a fruit.

back 68

TRUE

front 69

Angiosperms first appear in the fossil record in the ______ period.

back 69

Cretaceous

front 70

The most recent evidence indicates that:

back 70

The angiosperms have close relatives among the living gymnosperms.

front 71

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of the angiosperms?

back 71

Stamens with four pairs of pollen sacs

front 72

The monocots and eudicots comprise approximately _____ percent of living angiosperms.

back 72

97

front 73

Which of the following do NOT have single-pored pollen?

back 73

eudicots

front 74

Which of the following statements concerning Amborella is FALSE?

back 74

It belongs to the Mesangiospermae.

front 75

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Archaefructus?

back 75

petals

front 76

The original angiosperms most likely:

back 76

had simple flowers.

front 77

In most angiosperms, petals are probably evolutionary derivatives of:

back 77

stamens.

front 78

In contrast to living angiosperms, the stamens of archaic angiosperms:

back 78

are colored and fleshy.

front 79

In archaic angiosperms, the carpels:

back 79

are leaflike.

front 80

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend among flowers?

back 80

from an inferior ovary to a superior ovary

front 81

Ray flowers and disk flowers are characteristic of the:

back 81

Asteraceae

front 82

:The largest angiosperm family is the:

back 82

Orchidaceae.

front 83

The pollinium consists of the:

back 83

contents of an anther.

front 84

Which of the following was NOT an evolutionary adaptation of angiosperms in response to insects?

back 84

unisexual flowers

front 85

The most important flower-visiting animals in angiosperm evolution are:

back 85

bees.

front 86

Which of the following is NOT an example of coevolution of bees and flowers?

back 86

Flowers pollinated by bees are usually red.

front 87

Flowers with a long corrolla tube most likely pollinated by:

back 87

moths.

front 88

Which of the following statements concerning pollination by "deception" is FALSE?

back 88

"Sex-deception" occurs exclusively in the grasses.

front 89

Most flowers pollinated by birds:

back 89

are red or yellow.

front 90

Which of the following statements about most bat-pollinated flowers is FALSE?

back 90

They are relatively odorless.

front 91

Flowers pollinated by ___________ are most likely to produce no nectar, have dull colors, are relatively small, and have the sexes separated on the same plant.

back 91

wind

front 92

The red, orange, and yellow pigments of flowers are:

back 92

carotenoids.

front 93

The most important pigments in floral coloration are:

back 93

flavonoids.

front 94

The red and blue pigments stored in vacuoles in flowers are:

back 94

anthocyanins.

front 95

___________ are flavonoids that vary in color with the pH of the cell sap.

back 95

Anthocyanins

front 96

Ultraviolet absorbance in flowers is related to the presence of:

back 96

flavonoids.

front 97

The red color of beets is due to the presence of:

back 97

betacyanins.

front 98

By definition, an accessory fruit develops from:

back 98

an ovary plus additional flower parts.

front 99

By definition, a parthenocarpic fruit lacks:

back 99

stamens.

front 100

Apples and pears are:

back 100

simple accessory fruits.

front 101

A simple fruit in which the inner layer of the fruit wall is fleshy is a(n):

back 101

berry.

front 102

A simple fruit in which the fleshy portion is derived largely from the base of the perianth is a(n):

back 102

pome.

front 103

By definition, an indehiscent fruit:

back 103

does not breakopen at maturity.

front 104

The fruit characteristic of the pea family is a(n):

back 104

legume.

front 105

Which of the following is NOT an indehiscent fruit?

back 105

capsule

front 106

The grains typical of the grass family are a type of fruit known as a:

back 106

caryopsis.

front 107

A __________, characteristic of the pea family and others, splits open at maturity into two or more one-seeded portions.

back 107

caryopsis

front 108

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation specific to wind-borne fruits or seed?

back 108

tissue with large air spaces

front 109

In _________, the seeds are shot aloft from the plant.

back 109

Impatiens

front 110

The function of elaisomes is to:

back 110

provide food for ants.

front 111

What is the apparent function of most secondary plant products?

back 111

restricting the palatability of the plant to herbivores

front 112

A relationship bewtween plants of the mustard family Brassicaceae and larvae of the butterfly family Pierniae has developed such that the larvae:

back 112

feed only on those plants.

front 113

Which of the following statements about the coevolution of angiosperms and insects is FALSE?

back 113

Many of the possible coevolution variants have evolved only once within a particular plant family.

front 114

Gnetophytes are more closely related to angiosperms than to gymnosperms.

back 114

FALSE

front 115

Archaefructus is the earliest angiosperm whole-plant fossil.

back 115

TRUE

front 116

Molecular evidence indicates angiosperm are 125 million years old.

back 116

FALSE

front 117

Like gymnosperms, the earliest angiosperms had pollen grains with a single pore.

back 117

TRUE

front 118

The monocots and eudicots each had a common ancestor.

back 118

TRUE

front 119

The Nymphaeales (water lilies) are classified as basak angiosperms.

back 119

TRUE

front 120

Amborella is a sister group of the Mesangiospermae.

back 120

TRUE

front 121

Archaic members of the waterlily family (Nymphaeceae) arose before the divergence of the monocots and eudicots.

back 121

TRUE

front 122

The magnoliids were the first lineage to diverge within the Mesangiospermae.

back 122

TRUE

front 123

Archaefructus is the first intact fossil of a mature eudicot.

back 123

FALSE

front 124

In the earliest angiosperms, sepals normally have the same number of vascular strands as the leaves of the same plant.

back 124

TRUE

front 125

In angiosperms, there is a general trend from bilateral to radial symmetry.

back 125

FALSE

front 126

A pollinium is a pollen-dispersal unit characteristic of the Orchidaceae.

back 126

TRUE

front 127

"Honey guides" are usually located on the petals of the bee-pollinated flowers.

back 127

TRUE

front 128

The nectary of a moth-pollinated flower is usually at the top of the corolla tube.

back 128

FALSE

front 129

In "food deception", the plant signals the presence of nectar without providing it.

back 129

TRUE

front 130

Wind-pollinated flowers often have feathery outgrowth for intercepting pollen grains.

back 130

TRUE

front 131

Most red and blue pigments are anthocyanins.

back 131

TRUE

front 132

Bougainvillea flowers are red due to the presence of anthocynanins as wells as betacyanins.

back 132

FALSE

front 133

A parthenocarpic fruit is one that developed without seeds.

back 133

TRUE

front 134

A mutiple fruit develops from an apocarpous gynecium.

back 134

FALSE

front 135

Either seeds or fruits may have wings or plumes for wind dispersal.

back 135

TRUE

front 136

An example of a secondary metabolite is caffeine.

back 136

TRUE

front 137

In plants, the main role of chemicals such as cocaine and nicotine seems to be attracting pollinators.

back 137

FALSE

front 138

Many insects that eat noxious plants are brightly colored.

back 138

TRUE

front 139

A plant’s body plan consists of a(n) ______ and a(n) ______ pattern.

back 139

apical-basal; radial

front 140

When the zygote first divides, the two daughter cells are the ______ cell and the ______ cell.

back 140

apical; basal

front 141

Located at the micropylar pole of the embryo is the:

back 141

basal cell.

front 142

Which of the following statements about the polarity of an embryo is FALSE?

back 142

It is established only after the zygote has divided.

front 143

Which primary meristem forms first?

back 143

protoderm

front 144

Which of the following statements concerning primary meristems is FALSE?

back 144

An example is the suspensor.

front 145

The procambium is the precursor of the:

back 145

xylem and phloem.

front 146

During early embryogenesis, the ground meristem surrounds the:

back 146

procambium.

front 147

Which of following lists the correct developmental sequence in eudicots, where I is the globular stage; II, the heart stage; III, the proembryo; IV, the torpedo stage; and V, the zygote?

back 147

V, III, I, II, IV

front 148

In embryogenesis in monocots, globular embryos next become:

back 148

cylindrical.

front 149

The root and shoot apical meristems first become discernible during the transition between the ______ and ______.

back 149

globular stage; torpedo stage

front 150

The cotyledons elongate most dramatically and may become curved during the _______ stage.

back 150

torpedo

front 151

Where does the shoot apical meristem arise in eudicot embryos?

back 151

between the two cotyledons

front 152

Normal development of the ______ prevents formation of extra embryos by the ______.

back 152

embryo proper; suspensor

front 153

During embryogenesis in Arabidopsis, mutants with the twn mutation:

back 153

form secondary embryos from the suspensor.

front 154

In Arabidopsis, embryonic development is thought to be coordinated by at least ______ distinct genes.

back 154

750

front 155

The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the:

back 155

epicotyl.

front 156

Which of the following CANNOT be part of the plumule?

back 156

radicle

front 157

In some embryos, below the hypocotyl the _________ is found.

back 157

radicle

front 158

In eudicots, in which most of the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo, the cotyledons:

back 158

are large and fleshy.

front 159

The cotyledon of grasses is called a(n):

back 159

scutellum.

front 160

In monocots, the cotyledon can have all of the following functions EXCEPT:

back 160

protection of the plumule.

front 161

In a grass embryo, the coleorhiza encloses the:

back 161

radicle

front 162

The integuments develop into the:

back 162

seed coat.

front 163

Which of the following statements about the seed coat is FALSE?

back 163

It develops from the ovary.

front 164

In grasses, the pericarp consists of the:

back 164

mature ovary and remnants of the seed coat only.

front 165

The scar left on the seed coat after the seed has separated from its stalk is called the:

back 165

hilum.

front 166

Which of the following statements concerning the maturation phase of seed development is FALSE?

back 166

Cell division in the embryo accelerates.

front 167

Which of the following events is NOT associated with seed germination?

back 167

synthesis of food reserves

front 168

When the seed coat is ruptured during germination, the seed:

back 168

switches to aerobic respiration.

front 169

A quiescent seed is different from a dormant seed in that a quiescent seed will germinate:

back 169

when hydrated.

front 170

Which of the following would not typically cause coat-imposed dormancy?

back 170

prevention of the release of growth promoters from the seed

front 171

Embryo dormancy would typically be caused by:

back 171

an increase in abscisic acid concentrations.

front 172

The process of after-ripening involves:

back 172

enzymatic modification of a dormant seed so that it will germinate.

front 173

In temperate regions of the world, after-ripening is triggered by:

back 173

low temperature.

front 174

What induces the seeds of manzanita and other plants of the California chaparral to germinate?

back 174

fire

front 175

The _________ is usally the first structure to emerge from germinating seed.

back 175

root

front 176

In monocots, the root system commonly develops from:

back 176

stem-borne roots.

front 177

In epigeous germination, which structure emerges above ground first?

back 177

hypocotyl

front 178

In the pea (Pisum sativum), the ________ forms the hook that pushes to the soil surface during seed germination.

back 178

epicotyl

front 179

Which of the following statements about seed germination in onion (Allium cepa) is FALSE?

back 179

Germination is hypogeous.

front 180

In maize (Zea mays), the first structure to emerge from the seed during germination is the:

back 180

coleorhiza

front 181

The radial pattern of embryogenesis consits of concentrically arranged tissue systems.

back 181

TRUE

front 182

In most angiosperms, the first division of the zygote is symmetrically and longitudinal to the long axis of the zygote.

back 182

FALSE

front 183

In angiosperms, polarity can be either with the first division of the zygote or before.

back 183

TRUE

front 184

The suspensor anchors the embryo at the micropyle.

back 184

TRUE

front 185

The root and shoot apical meristems are two of the primary meristems.

back 185

FALSE

front 186

The protoderm is formed by anticlinal divisions of the outermost cells of the embryo proper.

back 186

FALSE

front 187

In the heart stage of development, the lobes of the "heart" are the cotyledons.

back 187

TRUE

front 188

The apical meristems are the source of virtually all of the tissues of the seedling and adult plant.

back 188

TRUE

front 189

The suspensor is an example of a structure that undergoes programmed death.

back 189

TRUE

front 190

The embryonic root is called the radicle.

back 190

TRUE

front 191

Seeds with large cotyledons typically have little or no endosperm.

back 191

TRUE

front 192

The cotyledon of grasses is called a scutellum.

back 192

TRUE

front 193

The coleoptile and coleorhiza are typically found in monocots and eudicots.

back 193

FALSE

front 194

In a grass embryo, the coleoptile encloses the plumule.

back 194

TRUE

front 195

In grasses, the pericarp is found immediately inside the seed coat.

back 195

FALSE

front 196

The funiculus is the stalk of the seed.

back 196

TRUE

front 197

Metabolism increases toward the end of the maturation phase of seed development.

back 197

FALSE

front 198

Before the seed coat ruptures during germination, glucose breakdown may be entirely anerobic.

back 198

TRUE

front 199

A quiescent seed will not germinate even when external conditions are favorable.

back 199

False

front 200

An example of a coat-imposed dormancy is a mechanically rigid seed coat.

back 200

TRUE

front 201

The dormancy acquired during seed maturation is called primary dormancy.

back 201

TRUE

front 202

In temperate regions, after-ripening ensures that seeds will germinate in the fall rather than in the spring.

back 202

FALSE

front 203

In hypogeous germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil.

back 203

TRUE

front 204

In maize, the pericarp functions as the seed coat.

back 204

TRUE