front 1 T/F Alluvial fans develop at unusual locations where stream gradients abruptly increase for a short distance. | back 1 false |
front 2 T/F Gradients usually decrease downstream in a major river system. | back 2 true |
front 3 T/F Alluvium refers to stream deposits, mainly sand and gravel. | back 3 true |
front 4 T/F The lowest base level for most streams is sea level. | back 4 true |
front 5 T/F Natural levees are constructed by machine-compacted sand and mud; artificial levees are made of concrete. | back 5 false |
front 6 T/F Point bars are depositional features located along the outer portions of meander bends. | back 6 false |
front 7 T/F Rapids and waterfalls are characteristic of laterally cutting streams. | back 7 false |
front 8 T/F After a meander is cut off, the gradient through the newly formed cutoff is steeper than the gradient along the abandoned meander loop. | back 8 true |
front 9 T/F The lower Mississippi river has the largest discharge of any river in North America. | back 9 true |
front 10 T/F Stream discharge is defined as the quantity of water flowing past a specific channel location per unit time. | back 10 true |
front 11 T/F Urbanization lowers peak discharges on small streams by routing the runoff directly to the stream. | back 11 false |
front 12 T/F A stream flowing out from a lake cannot downcut below the water surface elavation of the lake. | back 12 false |
front 13 T/F Evapotranspiration and average velocity are both important components of the hydrologic cycle. | back 13 false |
front 14 T/F Most precipitation in land areas originates by transpiration and by evaporation from lakes and rivers. | back 14 false |
front 15 T/F A V-shaped valley and no floodplain indicate a youthful downcutting stream. | back 15 true |
front 16 T/F Lateral cutting and deposition are important factors in floodplain development. | back 16 true |
front 17 T/F With the passage of time, deposition and erosion gradually shorten the channel length of a meander loop. | back 17 false |
front 18 T/F Forest beds are part of a deltaic, depositional sequence. | back 18 true |
front 19 T/F For the same discharge, gradient and channel cross-section, a stream with a boulder-strewn bed would be more turbulent than one with a sandy bed. | back 19 true |
front 20 T/F The lower most distal portion of the modern Mississippi delta is a typical bird-foot delta. | back 20 true |
front 21 ____ is the quantity of water flowing past a certain stream cross-section per unit time. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 21 discharge |
front 22 What stream characteristic is measured by the size of the largest particle that a stream can move? a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 22 competency |
front 23 ____ refers to sediments deposited from streams. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 23 alluvium |
front 24 Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems? a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 24 infiltration |
front 25 The lowest elevation limiting stream erosion is called ____. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 25 base level |
front 26 ____ is the boundary line separating adjacent, stream drainage basins. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 26 stream divide |
front 27 ____ is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 27 transpiration |
front 28 ____ is defined as the drop in elevation of the stream surface divided by the distance the water flows. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 28 gradient |
front 29 ____ is the total quantity of sediment carried by a river. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 29 capacity |
front 30 ____ is the sediment transport mode in which sand grains alternately bounce up into the water column, sink, and roll or skip along the bottom before bouncing again. a) alluvium b) sinkhole c) competency d) transpiration e) capacity ab) saltation ac) stream divide ad) base level ae) gradient bc) infiltration bd) discharge be) bird-foot ce) spring | back 30 saltation |
front 31 What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows? a) stream discharge b) hydraulic capacity c) hydrologic resistance d) stream gradient | back 31 stream gradient |
front 32 The ____ river has the largest discharge of any in the world. a) Nile b) Mississippi c) Congo d) Amazon | back 32 Amazon |
front 33 Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient? a) the distance traveled by water in a channel times a drop in elevation b) the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels c) the water pressure at the bottom of a stream divided by the streams width d) the increase in discharge of a stream per unit drop in elevation. | back 33 the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels |
front 34 A ____ stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcaoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upwards. a) radial b) dendritic c) boreal d) trellis | back 34 radial |
front 35 A ____ stream pattern develops on lands underlain by tilted or folded, alternating hard and soft, sedimentary strata. a) dendritic b) radial c) trellis d) boreal | back 35 trellis |
front 36 ____ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop. a) a builtrail b) an oxbow c) a cowhock d) a gatorback | back 36 an oxbow |
front 37 ____ are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution. a) rapids and lots of whitewater b) wide floodplains c) a U-shaped cross-valley profile d) meandering channels and lots of levees | back 37 rapids and lots of whitewater |
front 38 How does urbanization (paving etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small previously forested, drainage basin? a) both decrease b) runof decreases, infiltration increases c) both increase d) infiltration decreases runoff increases | back 38 infiltration decreases, runoff increases |
front 39 Which one if the following statements is correct? a) sea level drops when water is stored in expanding icesheets and continental glaciers b) sea level rises when water is added to the oceans through increased and icreased inflow from rivers c) sea level drops when evaporation rates increase iver the oceans and when this extra atmosheric moisture falls on land as rain. d) sea level rises when water is stored in expanding icesheeta and continental glaciers | back 39 sea level drops when water is stored in expanding icesheets and continental glaciers |
front 40 A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth cannal-like channel. Which of the following statement is correct? a) the natural channel had a lower gradient and less friction than the modified channel b) the straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than the natural channel c) the natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel. d) all of the above statement are true | back 40 the natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel |
front 41 Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams? a) sea level drops; land subsides b) sea level falls; land rises c) sea level rises; land subsides d) sea level rises; land rises | back 41 sea level falls; land rises |
front 42 ____ make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams. a) dissolved ions and sand b) dissolved salts c) silt and clay-sized detrital grains d) sand and gravel that move during floods | back 42 silt and clay-sized detrital grains |
front 43 ____ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream. a) capacity b) discharge c) competence d)hydro-load factor | back 43 capacity |
front 44 At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ____. a) endotributaries b) exotributaries c) distributaries d) cotributaries | back 44 distributaries |
front 45 Why is a bird-foot delta, like that of the present day Mississippi below New Orleans, likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (Δ)? a) present day distributaries have higher gradients than potential new ones. b) potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels. c) potential, new, distributary channels have higher gradients causing downcutting of the existing channels d) increased sediment loads, since the mid 19th century, have caused the major distributaries to be filled with sand. | back 45 potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than steeper channels |