What are the 2 methods of obtaining a blood sample?
Skin Puncture: (finger prick, ear, heel)
Venipuncture: syringe in the vein
What are the 4 components of blood?
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Erythrocyte
red blood cell
carries oxygen
lives about 120 days
contains hemoglobin
concave shape
Leukocytes
white blood cells
agranulocytes
granulocytes
fight infection , protection
Thrombocytes
platelets
aid in blood clotting
small fragments
Plasma
the liquid portion of blood
contains water, salts, proteins, hormones, fats and minerals
Erythropoietin
hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells
hematocrit
blood test that identifies the volume of packed red blood cells
3 layers: RBC, buffy coat (platelets and WBC) and plasma
Plasma usually 55%, buffy coat <5%, RBC 40%
Low hematocrit
less than normal % of RBC
Could indicate anemia
High Hematocrit
higher than normal % of RBC
could indicate Polycythemia
dehydration
Hemolysis
disintegration of red blood cells
Hemoglobin
pigment in RBC that carries oxygen
contains iron
normal level 12-18 grams/100 mL blood
Blood Smear
a blood test that puts a thin layer of blood on a microscope slide and examines the cells
Should see high amount of RBC, few WBC and platelets
antigen
protein on the surface of a cell
antibody
protein that is in the plasma reacts to antigen for immune response
ABO Blood Group System
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Type A blood
has A antigens
Has B antibodies
Can receive type A and O blood
Type B Blood
has B antigens
has A antibodies
Can receive type B and O blood
Type AB blood
has A and B antigens
no antibodies
Can receive A, B , AB and O blood
Universal recipient
Type O blood
has NO antigens
has A and B antibodies
Can only receive type O blood
Universal Donor
Chem Panel
blood test that looks at organ function and health through chemical analysis
include glucose levels, calcium, sodium , cholesterol, etc.
CBC
blood test that analyzes the cellular and liquid components of blood
Agglutination
clumping of the blood (antibody/antigen interaction)
glucose
most common type of sugar in the body
normal levels 70-100 mg/dL
Insulin
the hormone that allows for uptake and metabolism of glucose
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar levels
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar levels
glycosuria
glucose in the urine
abnormal
Types of Blood Glucose Tests
Fasting Blood Sugar ( after 8 hour fast)
Glucose Tolerance Test (checks glucose metabolism over time)
Glycohemoglobin Test (A1C, checks glucose levels over 2-3 month period)
Diabetes mellitus
body produces insufficient amount of insulin
high blood sugar levels (over 126 mg/dL multiple times)
Urinalysis
examination of urine by way of physical, chemical or microscopic testing
Physical observations of Urine
color: slight shade of yellow
odor: foul-infection, sweet or fruity-ketone, diabetes
transparency: clear
specific gravity
volume
polyuria
excessive urination
oliguria
abnormally small amount of urine production
anuria
no urine production
Chemical Urinalysis
pH
protein
glucose
ketone
bilirubin
blood
Microscopic testing of Urine
looks for cells, casts, crystals
best to look right away
Specific Gravity
the weight or mass of a substance compared with the weight or mass of an equal amount of distilled water (normal 1.005 to 1.030)
Low specific gravity: dilute urine: kidney disease, high fluid intake
High specific gravity: concentrated urine: diabetes, dehydration