The body system that includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Urinary System

Function of the urinary system

maintain electrolyte balance;
remove nitrogenous waste;
regulate fluid balance; maintain blood and tissue ph

The functional unit of the kidney

nephron

The cluster of capillaries, forming part of the nephron "little ball of yarn" that forms filtrate

glomerulus

"foot cells"

podocytes

capsule of the nephron

Bowman's Capsule

3 functions of the nephron

filtration;
reabsorption;
secretion

The smooth collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily (storage resevoir for urine)

urinary bladder

3 parts of the glomerular filtration membrane

fenestrated glomeralar endothelium (capillary);
basement membrane (connective tissue)
capsular epithelium (Bowman's capsule)

macula densa

chemoreceptors/osmoreceptors

JG (juxtaglomerular)cells

mechanoreceptors

ureter

exits pelvis of the kidney to urinary bladder

urethra

expels urine to the outside of the body

the openings in the glomerular endothelium [L. fedestratus, windows]

Fenestatal

functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule

Nephron

one of two tubes conducting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Ureter

tube conducting urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Urethra

Inability to prevent the discharge of any of the excretions, especially of urine or feces

Incontinence

part of the kidney consisting of renal lobules in the outer zone beneath the capsule and the lobules of the renal columns that are extensions inward between the pyramids;

Renal cortex- (contains the renal corpuscles, medullary rays, and proximal and distal convoluted tubules)

One of a number of pyramidal masses seen on longitudinal section of the kidney; they contain part of the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules

Renal Pyramid

Mass of capillary loops at the beginning of each nephron, nearly surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus

artery conveying blood to a part

Afferent vessel

efferent glomerular arteriole of kidney

Efferent vessel

a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning Distal Convoluted Tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole and juxtaglomerular cells.

JG apparatus

cells of the distal convoluted tubule located at the renal corpuscle and forming part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Macula densa

the nephron that extends from the glomerulus to the descending limb of the loop of Henle

PCT-(Proximal Convoluted Tubule

convoluted tubule of the nephron that extends from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and ends in the collecting duct

DCT-(Distal Convoluted Tubule)

U-shaped part of tge nephron extending from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule and consisting of descending and ascending limbs. Some of the loops of Henle extend into the renal pyramids

Loop of Henle

A double-walled, cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water.

Bowman’s capsule

Movement, due to a pressure difference, of a liquid through a filter that prevents some or all of the substance in the liquid from passing through

Filtration

The act of resorbing

Resorption

Substance produced inside a cell and released from the cell

Secretion

Specialized capillary that extends from the cortex of the kidney into the medulla and then back to the cortex

Vas Recta

capillary network located in the cortex of the kidney; associated with the distal and proximal convoluted tubules

Peritubular capillary bed

The Bowman's capsule extends into a tubule that is proximal to the glamerulus, called the ______

PCT or proximal convoluted tubule

Hair pin loop of nephron tubule that descends/ascends, assisting electrolyte balance by forming a concentration gradient, is _______

Loop of Henley

portion of the loop of the nephron distal to the glomerulus is the _____

DCT or distal convoluted tubule

Urination, voiding, emptying of urinary bladder is formally called _______

micturition

small, red, retroperitoneal bean shaped organs that are responsible for urine formation, are called the

kidneys

substances that increase urine production are collectively called _____

diuretics

process of filtering, as in the glomerulus filtering filtering the blood into Bowman's capsule, is formally called _______

filtration

The outside of any organ is called the _______

cortex

pyramid shaped collection of tubules within the medulla of the kidneys

renal pyramids

opening "basin" or collective expansions of the major calyces in the kidney

renal pelvis

excretory product from the urinary system, or filtrate that has passed into the collecting ducts to the papillary ducts

urine

connective tissue "capsule" that wraps tightly around the perimeter of the kidney like the skin of an apple

renal capsule

measurement of concentration within a nephron, measured in milliosmols

concentration

indentation of the kidney

renal hilus or renal hilum

collective openings of two or more minor calyces

mahor calyces

middle of any organ is called the

medulla

middle of the kidney is called the

renal medulla

capsule that surrounds, supports and protects the kidney made of adipose tissue, is called the

renal capsule

fascia that surrounds the adipose capsule and holds the kidneys to the posterior body wasll is called the

renal fascia

the ducts that collect urine in the nephron are aptly called

collecting ducts

"foot cells" that surround the glomerular endothelium and form the external portion of the filtration membrane are called

podocytes

the substance that is filtered from glomerular blood plasma and seeps into the Bowman's capsule is now called

filtrate

the combination of the capillary hydrostatic pressure, the capsular hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure, together are referred to as the

NFP or net filtration pressure

the volume of filtrate formed each minute (125 mL/min)us called the

GFR or glomerular filtration pressure

The cells "next to the glomerulus" that secrete renin are called _______-

JG cells

The large ducts that drain (collect) filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules are called _____

collecting ducts

Transepithelial reclamation of solutes is called

tubular reabsorption

Reabsorption within the kidney tubules is called

reabsorption

Passive, nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the filtration membrane is called

passive

filtrationDiffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution towards a more concentrated one is called

osmosis

(where sodium goes, water will follow)

inflammation of the entire kidney is called

enteritis

_______ & ________ are antidiuretic hormones (decrease water flow)

ACH & ADH

_____ ___ excretes water that is pulled back into the sodium particles in the body

collecting ducts

tests for osmotic pressures/chemicals of substances

MD

ascending limb actively pumpts out ____ & ___ ions

Sodium and Chloride

If there is not enough blood pressure coming in the JG cells release __________(enzyme.hormone

redin

angitension stimulates the release of ___

aldosterone

Function of aldosterone is to ______

increase reabsorption of sodium in the collecting ducts

Aldosterone makes watery dilute back into concentrate, which increases the blood pressure in glomarulus and then system sends message to stop releasing _________

redin

Vasorecta are really slow pressure to ____

equal the pressure of concentrations

Aldosterone and ADH determine the _________ of urine.

concentration

Purpose of CCK (coloncystokinn)

concentration of the call bladder-emulsification of lipids;
__________ digestion secretions of pancreas
relax HP sphincter

The glomerular capillary pressure has to be higher 'cuz pressure in capsule needs to be higher to push fluid out of filtration or the ___and _ will both flow backwards and cause toxicity

capsular hydrostatic pressure (10mm Hg) &
blood colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg)

Filtration is passive in the

glomerulus

Tell about Inulin

carbohydrate (Polysaccharide);
it is never reabsorbed or secreted, but filters out and goes outside the body