This Supreme Court decision invalidated a law barring African Americans from jury service and refused to extend the Fourteenth Amendment to remedy subtle forms of discrimination

Strauder v. West Virginia

The three kinds of scrutiny used by the Supreme Court to discover whether discrimination is permissible

reasonable, inherently suspect, and the intermediate standard

The decisions of the Spureme Courts had been ruled somewhere between inherently suspect and reasonable on

classifications based on gender

This does not deny states treating classes of citizens differently if the classification is reasonable

Equal protection of the laws

Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories in this case

Dred Scott v. Sandford

This repealed the Twelfth Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment

The principle of "separate but equal" was used to justify segregation in this case

Plessy v. Ferguson

Dred Scott v. Sandford was overturned by

Brown v. Board of Education

These were enacted by Southern Whites in the late nineteenth century to segregate African Americans from Whites

Jim Crow laws

The reality of neighborhood schools located in a areas that happen to be racially segregated is an example of

De facto education segregation

The Supreme Court ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal in this case

Brown v. Board of Education

This case permitted judges to achieve racially balanced schools through bussing

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools

This type of segregation occurs by law

De jure educational segregation

As a result of this Supreme Court decision, there was increased enrollment in private school by Whites in the South and threats to close public school

Brown v. Board of Education

This law made racial discrimination illegal in places of public accommodation and forbade discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender.

1964 Civil Rights Act

This agency was created in 1964 and is charged with monitoring and enforcing protections against job discrimination

Equal Employment Opportunity Commision

The grandfather clause was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in this decision

Guinn v. United States

The legal right ot vote is called

suffrage

This prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment

The dramatic increase in the number of African Americans registered to vote was an outcome of

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Congressional districts that are intentionally drawn to give minority group voters a numerical majority

Majority-minority districts

This prevented district boundaries from diluting the votes of African Americans and redrew district boundaries to avoid discriminatory results

Amendments by Congress in 1982 to the Voting Rights Act

The Supreme Court ruled that state legislative redistricting plans to no violate the Voting Rights Act if they do not create the greatest possible number of districts in which minority group voters make a majority in this case

Johnson v. DeGrandy

The largest minority group in the United States is

Hispanic Americans

This case upheld the constitutionality of the removal of Japanese Americans from the west coast and their placement in internment camps during World War II

Korematsu v. United States

The women's rights movement was launched as a result of the

Seneca Falls Declaration

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that protection form discrimination to Hispanic Americans, guaranteeing their right to a free trial and it was the first case in which Hispanic lawyers argued before the Supreme Court

Hernandez v. Texas

This gave women the constitutional right to vote

The Nineteenth Amendment

When did the struggle for women's stuggle begin

1848

In 2007, Nancy Pelosi became the

first female speaker of the House of Representatives

This failed because it fell three states short of sufficient ratification

Equal Rights Amendment

Sexual harassment is prohibited by th

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Paying men and women equivalent salaries from jobs requiring similar skills is known as

"comparable worth"

In this case, the Supreme Court held that employers are responsible for preventing and eliminating sexual harassment

Faragher v. City of Boca Raton

This added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

____________________ is responsible for enforcing the Voting Rights Act.

The U.S> Justice Department

This Supreme Court case decided that a compelling interest for promoting diversity on campus existed

Grutter v. Bollinger