Which of the following statements concerning viruses is FALSE?

A) Viruses never contain both DNA and RNA.

B) Viruses enter a cell to complete the replication they have begun extracellularly.

C) Some viruses have an outer membrane called an envelope.

D) Viral capsids can assume one of three basic shapes.

E) Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be discovered and characterized.

B) Viruses enter a cell to complete the replication they have begun extracellularly.

The outermost layer of a virion fulfills which of the following functions of the virus?

A) protection

B) recognition

C) replication

D) protection and recognition

E) recognition and replication

D) protection and recognition

During the intracellular state, a virus exists as

A) a lipid.

B) a protein.

C) a nucleic acid.

D) both a protein and a nucleic acid.

E) both a lipid and a nucleic acid.

C) a nucleic acid.

Viruses are primarily classified according to their

A) type of nucleic acid.

B) type of life cycle.

C) number of chromosomes.

D) shape.

E) size.

A) type of nucleic acid.

Host specificity of a virus is due to

A) particular genes that it shares with the infected cell.

B) the presence of an envelope.

C) differences in size between the virus and the host cell.

D) the presence or absence of a cell wall on the host cell.

E) interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules.

A) particular genes that it shares with the infected cell.

Who was the first person to demonstrate the existence of viruses?

A) Stanley

B) Rous

C) Lacks

D) Ivanowsky

E) Prusiner

D) Ivanowsky

How are fungal viruses different from viruses that infect other organisms?

A) They have no extracellular state.

B) They have only DNA for genetic material.

C) They have no capsid.

D) They have no intracellular state.

E) They cannot pass through a filter.

A) They have no extracellular state.

Which of the following infectious particles do NOT have protein in their structure?

A) bacteriophages

B) prions

C) animal viruses

D) viroids

E) both prions and viroids

D) viroids

Which of the following would NOT be found as a component of a bacteriophage?

A) envelope

B) icosahedral capsid

C) DNA

D) tail fibers

E) base plate

A) envelope

Which of the following statements regarding virus taxonomy is true?

A) Viruses are classified on the basis of the taxonomy of their host organisms.

B) Virus classes are well established.

C) Some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family.

D) The species epithet is a Latin descriptor of the virion structure.

E) Virus classes are based on the domain of the host organism.

C) Some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family.

Which of the following statements comparing virus classification and taxonomy of

organisms is true?

A) Both viruses and organisms are organized into classes.

B) The common names of viruses are their genus and species epithet, as they are with organisms.

C) Both viruses and organisms are organized into domains.

D) Genus and specific epithet are used in both classification systems.

E) Only families are common to both viral classification and organism taxonomy.

D) Genus and specific epithet are used in both classification systems.

Put the following stages of a lytic replication cycle in order, from earliest to latest stages:

I. Synthesis

II. Assembly

III. Attachment

IV. Release

V. Entry

A) III, V, I, II, IV

B) III, II, V, I, IV

C) V, III, II, IV, I

D) I, III, V, II, IV

E) I, II, III, V, IV

A) III, V, I, II, IV

13) Which of the following is associated with the attachment of a bacteriophage to a bacterial

cell?

A) random collisions

B) chemical attractions

C) receptor specificity

D) chemical attractions and receptor specificity

E) random collisions, chemical attractions, and receptor specificity

E) random collisions, chemical attractions, and receptor specificit

14) The enzyme lysozyme is critical for which of the stages of a bacteriophage T4 infection

cycle?

A) entry

B) assembly

C) entry and release

D) synthesis

E) attachment

C) entry and release

The phenomenon of transduction is associated with which of the stages of a bacteriophage

infection cycle?

A) attachment

B) assembly

C) release

D) synthesis

E) entry

B) assembly

Which of the following events occurs in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage T4 infection but

NOT in the lysogenic cycle?

A) attachment

B) entry

C) digestion of host DNA

D) viral protein synthesis

E) both digestion of host DNA and viral proteins synthesis

C) digestion of host DNA

Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage?

A) It speeds up the viral infection cycle.

B) The genetic material of the bacteriophage can be passed on to future generations of cells.

C) It allows the bacteriophage to infect cells it would not normally infect.

D) It allows the bacteriophage to destroy the host cell's DNA.

E) It enables the bacteriophage to take over the cell.

B) The genetic material of the bacteriophage can be passed on to future generations of cells.

Which of the following agents is capable of inducing conversion of a prophage back to a

lytic phage?

A) UV light

B) X rays

C) presence of +ssRNA

D) UV light and X rays

E) UV light and +ssRNA

D) UV light and X rays

Zones of clearing in cell cultures that are the result of virus infection are called plaques.

Sometimes "cloudy plaques" are seen on bacterial cultures infected with bacteriophage. What

type of viral infection might cause this appearance?

A) lytic

B) lysogenic

C) prion

D) viroid

E) transducing

B) lysogenic

Which of the following is matched INCORRECTLY?

A) poliovirus — direct penetration

B) herpesvirus — endocytosis

C) adenovirus — membrane fusion

D) measles virus — membrane fusion

E) HIV — membrane fusion

C) adenovirus — membrane fusion

Reverse transcriptase is associated with which of the following?

A) dsDNA viruses

B) +ssRNA viruses

C) -ssRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

E) dsRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as mRNA?

A) retroviruses

B) +ssRNA viruses

C) -ssRNA viruses

D) ssDNA viruses

E) dsRNA viruses

B) +ssRNA viruses

Which of the following types of animal virus requires RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase to

be replicated?

A) +ssRNA viruses

B) ssDNA viruses

C) -ssRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

E) dsDNA viruses

C) -ssRNA viruses

In contrast to most dsDNA animal viruses, the poxviruses replicate solely in the cytoplasm of

the host cell. This fact implies that the viral genome may encode

A) reverse transcriptase.

B) a DNA polymerase.

C) RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase.

D) ribosome components.

E) reverse transcriptase and RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase.

B) a DNA polymerase.

Which of the following membranes can give rise to a viral envelope?

A) the nuclear membrane

B) the cytoplasmic membrane

C) the endoplasmic reticulum

D) the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes

E) the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum

E) the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum

The majority of cases of infant diarrhea are caused by what kind of virus?

A) dsDNA viruses

B) dsRNA viruses

C) +ssRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

E) -ssRNA viruses

B) dsRNA viruses

How is the HIV provirus different from a lambda phage prophage?

A) The HIV provirus is integrated permanently into the host cell's DNA.

B) All subsequent generations of HIV-infected cells carry the provirus.

C) All the offspring of a cell infected with a prophage will contain the virus.

D) The HIV provirus is inactive inside the host cell.

E) Lambda phage-infected cells produce virus slowly over time.

A) The HIV provirus is integrated permanently into the host cell's DNA.

Which of the following individuals discovered prions?

A) Lacks

B) Iwanowsky

C) Prusiner

D) Stanley

E) Rous

C) Prusiner

One mechanism by which viruses may cause cancer is to interrupt the genetic regulatory

sequences of repressor proteins. Which of the following types of viruses is most likely to be

involved in causing cancer by this mechanism?

A) +ssRNA viruses

B) dsRNA viruses

C) -ssRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

E) +ssRNA and -ssRNA viruses

D) retroviruses

Tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called

A) neoplasia.

B) a plaque assay.

C) latency.

D) budding.

E) metastasis.

E) metastasis.

Plaque assays are used for

A) evaluating the cancer-causing ability of a virus.

B) estimating the number of phages in a culture.

C) the study of prions.

D) cultivating viruses that cannot be grown any other way.

E) counting the number of latent phages in a cell.

B) estimating the number of phages in a culture.

Diploid cell cultures and continuous cell cultures differ in which of the following ways?

A) longevity

B) source of cells

C) convenience of use

D) longevity and convenience of use

E) longevity and source of cells

E) longevity and source of cells

Viroids infect

A) bacteria.

B) plants.

C) fungi.

D) plants and animals.

E) all organisms.

B) plants.

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents?

A) They cannot reproduce outside a cell.

B) They act as slow viruses.

C) They cause neurological problems.

D) They can be destroyed by incineration.

E) They lack nucleic acid.

E) They lack nucleic acid.

The infectious particles of fungi have RNA genomes and lack a capsid. They are therefore

similar to

A) bacteriophages.

B) enveloped viruses.

C) prions.

D) viroids.

E) lysogens.

D) viroids.

A lipid membrane is present

A) only in viruses.

B) in both cells and viruses.

C) only in cells.

D) only in prions.

E) in both prions and viroids.

B) in both cells and viruses.

Double-stranded DNA genomes are found

A) only in viroids.

B) only in cells.

C) only in viruses.

D) in both cells and viruses.

E) in both viruses and viroids.

D) in both cells and viruses.

Double-stranded RNA genomes can be found

A) only in cells.

B) in both cells and viruses.

C) only in viruses.

D) in prions.

E) in both prions and viruses.

C) only in viruses.

Cytoplasm is a characteristic of

A) cells only.

B) viruses only.

C) both cells and viruses.

D) viroids only.

E) both viroids and viruses.

A) cells only.

Proteins are present in

A) cells only.

B) viruses only.

C) viroids only.

D) both cells and viruses.

E) cells, viruses, and viroids.

D) both cells and viruses.

Viruses are shed slowly and steadily during

A) lytic replication.

B) budding.

C) oncogenesis.

D) persistent infection.

E) latency.

D) persistent infection.

During __________, viruses remain dormant in a cell.

A) budding

B) latency

C) lytic replication

D) persistent infection

E) oncogenesis

B) latency

Virus replication results in the death of the cell in a(n) __________ infection.

A) lytic

B) latent

C) persistent

D) oncogenic

E) both latent and persistent

A) lytic

Virus infection results in cancer in the process of

A) lytic replication.

B) budding.

C) oncogenesis.

D) persistent infection.

E) latency.

C) oncogenesis.

is a mechanism of release for enveloped viruses.

A) Lytic replication

B) Persistent infection

C) Oncogenesis

D) Latency

E) Budding

E) Budding

Viruses cause most human cancers.

FALSE

Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy.

TRUE

Protozoa are susceptible to viral attack.

TRUE

Many diseases of plants are caused by infectious RNA molecules lacking capsids.

TRUE

Bacteriophages are cheaper and easier to culture than animal viruses.

TRUE

Assembly of new viruses is a process that usually requires the direction of a variety of viral

and cellular enzymes.

FALSE

Bacteriophage release is a gradual process in which small numbers are released at a time.

FALSE

Poxvirus is assembled in the cytoplasm of the cell instead of in the nucleus, as is the case for

the majority of dsDNA viruses.

TRUE

Transcription of RNA from RNA does not occur in uninfected cells.

TRUE

Virus vaccines are always cultured in embryonated chicken eggs.

FALSE

The combination of a virus's protein coat and nucleic acid core is called the __________.

Answer: nucleocapsid

Viral capsids are composed of subunits called __________.

Answer: capsomeres

A(n) __________ is a 20-sided polyhedral capsid.

Answer: icosahedron

Bacteriophages use the enzyme __________ to breach the bacterial cell wall.

Answer: lysozyme

The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell is called the __________

size.

Answer: burst

The process in which viral capsids are removed within the infected cell is called __________.

Answer: uncoating

Virus RNA that can act directly as mRNA is __________-strand RNA.

Answer: positive

RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of reverse __________ to become proviruses.

Answer: transcriptase

In enveloped viruses, virus-encoded __________ proteins are required for the assembly of

the envelope around the capsid.

Answer: matrix

Genes that play a role in proper cell division but may also play a role in some types of cancer

are called __________.

Answer: protooncogenes

A(n) __________ is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the

activity of a bacteriophage.

Answer: plaque

Three __________ represent the highest level of taxonomic rank used in classifying viruses.

Answer: orders

Prions are composed of a single protein called __________. (Be sure you use proper

capitalization.)

Answer: PrP

An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a(n) __________ virion.

Answer: naked