3 most common shapes of prokaryotes

1. spheres (cocci)

2. rods (bacilli)

3. sprials

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides that make up bacterial walls

peptidoglycan

Polysaccharide that covers some prokaryotes

capsule

Allows some prokaryotes stick to substrates or other individuals in colony

fimbrae

Longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

pili

Ability to move toward or away from any stimulus in a heterogenous environment

Taxis

Taxis of chemicals

Chemotaxis

Key structure involved in taxis

Flagella

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have less DNA?

Prokaryotes

Shape of chromosome in most prokaryotes

Circular

Region in prokaryotes that is unbound and houses DNA

Nucleoid

How prokaryotes reproduce every 1-3 hours

Binary fission

Key features of reproduction in prokaryotes

• small
• use binary fission
• short generation times

Formed by many prokaryotes; metabolically inactive and remain viable in harsh conditions for centures

Endospores

3 factors that contribue to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes

1. rapid reproduction

2. mutation

3. genetic recombination

Process by which a prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign naked DNA from the surrounding environment

Transformation

The movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages

Transduction

Viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteriophagues

The process where genetic materials is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Conjugation

Piece of DNA required for the production of pili

F factor

Carry genes for antbiotic resistance

R plasmid

How are prokaryotes classified?

how they obtain energy and carbon

Obtain energy from light

phototrophs

Obtain energy from chemicals

chemotrophs

Require CO₂ as a carbon source

autotrophs

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

heterotrophs

Rrequires O₂ for cell respiration

obligate aerobes

Poisoned by O₂ and use fermintation or anaerobic respiration

obligate anaerobes

Can survive with or without O₂

facultative anaerobes

What element is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids?

Nitrogen

Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃)

nitrogen fixation

_____________ has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Archaea able to live in extreme environment

extremophiles

Live in high saline environments

extreme halophiles

Live in high temp environments

extreme thermophiles

Live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

mathenogens

Where do chlamidya live?

Animal cells

What does spiro cause?

syphillis

Both organisms benefit

nutualism

One benefists, one is unaffected

commensalism

Organism called parasite damages its host

parasitism

Secreted and cause disease even if producers are not present

exotoxins

Secreted when animals die

endotoxins

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

bioremediations

Photoautotrophs contain _________

chloroplast

____________ absorb organic molecules or ingest large food molecules

heterotrophs

____________ mix photosynthesis and heterotrophic behaviors

mixotroph

5 eukarya super groups

1. Excavata

2. Chromaveolata

3. Rhizaria

4. Archaeplastid

5. Unikonta

Characterized by exoskeleton

excavata

Includes diplomonads and parabasalids

excavata

Contain modified mitochondria called mitosomes

diplomonads

Responsible for traveler's diarrhea

diplomonads

Contain reduced mitochondria called hydrenosomes

parabasalids

Responsible for trichomonas vaginalis

parabasalids

Contain single mitochondran with an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast

eugleonzoans

Responsible for sleeping sickness in humans

eugleonzoans

Contains membrane-bound sacs just under plasma membrane

alveolata

Three types of alveolata

1. dinoflagellates

2. apicomplexans

3. ciliata

Contains two flagella, each reinforced by cellulose plates

dinoflagellates

Responsible for "red tide"

dinoflagellates

Animal parasites that cause serious human diseases

apicomplexans

Infectious cells used to spread to host

sporozoites

Contains complex of organelles specialized for penetration in host cells and tissues

apicomplexan apex

Contains two nucleae

ciliata

Responsible for malaria

plasmodium

paramecium caudatum

ciliata

Hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum

stramenophila

Major component of phytoplankton

diatoms

Fossilized diatom walls

diatomaceous earth

Form of diatomaceous earth used in laboratories for filtering

Kieselguhr

Brown algae

stramenopiles

Algal body

thallus

Anchors the stem

holdfast

Eukaryotic super group containing amoebas

rhizaria

Named for porous, generally multicelled chambers called tests

forams

Immediate ancestors of land plants

archaeplastida

Accessory pigment that causes red color; masks choloroplast

phycoerythrin

Phycoerythrin is found in __________

red algae

Plants descend from ________

green algae

Two types of green algae

1. charophytes

2. chlorophytes

Includes animals, fungi, and some protists

unikonts

Lobe-like amoebas

amoebozoans

Common unicellular amoebas in soil and water

gymnamoebas

Causes amebic dysentery, the 3rd leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites

Entamoeba histolytica

How long ago did plants start appearing?

500 MYA

4 key traits of land plants:

1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

2. peroxizome enzyme

3. structure of flagellated sperm

4. phramophytes

Helps cells break apart during mitosis/meiosis

phramoplasts

Land plants with embryos

embryophytes

4 key traits present in land plants but absent in charophytes

1. alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos

2. walled spores produced in sporangia

3. multicellular gametangia

4. apical meristems

Waxy covering of epidermis

cuticle

Symbiosis between plants and fungi that help plants get nutrients

mychorizae

2 groups of seedless vascular plants

1. lycophytes

2. pterophytes

Club mosses and their relatives

lycophytes

Ferns and their relatives

pterophytes

Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

seed