falling employment and income

During a recession the economy experiences

Real GDP is the variable most commonly used to measure short-run economic fluctuations. It is almost impossible to predict these fluctuations with much accuracy.

Which of the following is correct?

nominal variables, but not real variables

According to classical macroeconomic theory, changes in the money supply effect

while nominal variables are the first thing we may observe about an economy, what's important are the real variables and the forces that determine them.

The saying "money is a veil" means that

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is included in the aggregate demand for goods and services?

consumption goods demanded and the quantity of net exports demanded both rise.

When the price level falls, the quantity of

The slope of the aggregate demand curve

The wealth effect, interest rate effect, and exchange rate effect are all explanations for

rises, so people will want to buy more.

If the price level falls, the real value of the dollar

real wealth falls, interest rates rise, and the dollar appreciates.

The aggregate quantity of goods and services demanded changes as the price level rises because

falls, so they buy less.

When the price level increases, the real value of people's money holdings

increases, and as a result consumption spending increases. This effect contributes to the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve.

In the context of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the wealth effect refers to the idea that, when the price level decreases, the real wealth of households

more money, so they lend less, and the interest rate rises.

Other things the same, an increase in the price level induces people to hold

the interest rate falls, so the quantity of goods and services demanded rises.

When the price level falls

Households increase their holdings of money; in turn, interest rates increase, which reduces spending on investment goods.

In the context of the aggregate demand curve, the interest rate effect refers to the idea that when the price level increases

net exports rise, which increases the aggregate quantity of goods and services demanded.

When the dollar depreciates, US

net exports fall, which decreases the aggregate quantity of goods and services demanded.

When the dollar appreciates, US

increased consumption, which shifts the aggregate demand curve to the right.

Suppose a stock market boom makes people feel wealthier. The increase in wealth would cause people to desire

decrease consumption, which shifts aggregate demand left.

Suppose a stock market crash makes feel people poorer. This decrease in wealth would induce people to

fall, and aggregate demand to decrease.

An increase in household saving causes consumption to

increases as shown by the shift of the aggregate demand curve to the right

When taxes decrease, consumption

decreases, as shown by a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left.

When taxes increase, consumption

aggregate demand shifts right

Other things the same, when the government spends more, the initial effect is

interest rates fall, and so aggregate demand shifts right.

When the money supply increases

The fed buys bonds in an open market.

Which of the following shifts aggregate demand to the right?

taxes decrease, and government expenditure increases.

Which of the following would both shift aggregate demand right?

the dollar would appreciate which would cause aggregate demand to shift left.

If speculators lost confidence in foreign economies and so wanted to buy more US bonds

the dollar would depreciate which would cause aggregate demand to shift right.

If speculators gained greater confidence in foreign economies so that they wanted to buy more assets of foreign countries and fewer US bonds

All of the above

The long run aggregate supply curve shifts right if

an increase in either technology or the human capital stock.

Which of the following shifts long run aggregate supply right?

because of contracts, social norms, and notions of fairness.

Wages tend to be sticky

relative to prices wages are higher and employment falls.

The sticky-wage theory of the short run aggregate supply curve says that when the price level is lower than expected

both sticky price theory and sticky wage theory

People had been expecting the price level to be 120 but it turns out to be 122. In response, Robinson Tire Company increases the number of workers it employs. What could explain this?

increased, so they increase production

The misperceptions theory of the short run aggregate supply curve says that if the price level is higher than expected, then some firms believe that the relative price of what they produce has

All of the above are correct

If the price level is higher than expected, firms might raise their production in the short run if

output in the short run only

Monetary policy and fiscal policy influence

The federal reserve and involves changing the money supply

Monetary policy is determined by

The president and Congress and involves changing government spending and taxation

Fiscal policy is determined by

offset shifts in aggregate demand and thereby stabilize the economy

The goal of monetary policy and fiscal policy is to

the effects of changes in money demand and supply on interest rates.

Liquidity preference refers directly to Keyne's theory concerning

short run and supposes that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.

Liquidity preference theory is most relevant to the

the ease with which an asset is converted into a medium of exchange

Liquidity refers to

decreases, making the opportunity cost of holding money fall.

People are likely to want to hold more money if the interest rate

purchasing interest earning financial assets and interest rates fall.

When households find themselves holding too much money, they respond by

the interest rate decreases, which tends to raise stock prices

If the Fed increases money supply

increase money demand and interest rates. Investment declines.

According to the interest rate effect, an increase in the price level will

sell bonds to lower the money supply

if the federal reserve decided to raise interest rates, it could

aggregate demand increases, which the fed could offset by decreasing the money supply.

if the stock market booms, then

aggregate demand decreases, which the fed could offset by purchasing bonds

if the stock market crashes, then

buy bonds to lower the interest rate

suppose that the federal reserve is concerned about the effects of falling stock prices on the economy. What could it do?

the government builds new roads.

which of the following is an example of an increase in government purchases?

increases income and thereby increases consumer spending

the multiplier effect states that there are additional shifts in aggregate demand from fiscal policy, because it

the multiplier effect

The government builds a new water treatment plant. The owner of the company that builds the plant pays her workers. The workers increase their spending. Firms from which the workers buy goods increase their output. This type of effect on spending illustrates

the multiplier effect

the government buys new weapons systems. the manufacturers of weapons pay their employees. the employees spend this money on goods and services. the firms from which the employees buy the goods and services pay their employees. this sequence of events illustrates

an increase in government expenditures increases the interest rates and so reduces investment spending.

which of the following correctly explains the crowding out effect?

an increase in government spending increases the interest rates, causing investments to fall.

which of the following is an example of crowding out?

3.57

Assume the MPC is 0.72. the multiplier is

an increase in personal consumption.

A reduction in personal income taxes increases aggregate demand through

has less of an affect on aggregate demand than if households view it as permanent.

if households view a tax cut as temporary, then the tax cut

the tax increase reduces consumption; the change in the interest rate reduces residential construction.

which of the following are effects of an increase in government spending financed by a tax increase

can be implemented quickly, but most of its impact on aggregate demand occurs months after the policy is implemented.

Monetary policy

increasing the money supply, which lowers interest rates.

if businesses and consumers become pessimistic, the federal reserve can attempt to reduce the impact on the price level and real GDP by

sell bonds to raise interest rates.

Suppose that businesses and consumers become much more optimistic about the future of the economy. To stabilize output, the federal reserve could

decrease the money supply

Suppose there is an increase in government spending. To stabilize output, the federal reserve would

increase the money supply

suppose households attempt to increase their money holdings. to stabilize output by countering this increase in money demand, the federal reserve would

increase government expenditures or increase money supply

the price of imported oil rises. if the government wanted to stabilize output, which of the following could it do?

All of the above are correct

Critics of stabilization policy argue that

Policy affects aggregate demand with a lag, and the effects on aggregate demand are long lived.

Critics of stabilization policy argue that

the lag problem ends up being a cause of economic fluctuations

Critics of stabilization policy argue that

changes in interest rates primarily influence investment spending, and firms make investment plans far in advance.

monetary policy affects the economy with a long lag, in part because

the political system of checks and balances that slows down the process of implementing fiscal policy.

the lag problem associated with fiscal policy is due mostly to

are changes in taxes or government spending that increase aggregate demand without requiring policy makers to act when the economy goes into recession.

Automatic stabilizers

unemployment benefits

An example of an automatic stabilizer is

to fall and taxes to rise

during periods of expansion, automatic stabilizers cause government expenditures

fall. the fall in taxes stimulates aggregate demand.

other things the same, during recessions taxes tend to

prices

in the long run, changes in money supply affect

minimum wage rate

One determinant of the natural unemployment rate is the

inflation depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate

In the long run,

minimum wage, while the inflation rate depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate.

one determinant of the long run average unemployment rate is the

downward pressures on prices and wages.

a basis for the slope of the short run Philips curve is that when unemployment is high there are

the Philips curve

the short run relationship between inflation and unemployment is often called

wage inflation and unemployment

Economist A.W Philips found a negative correlation between

unemployment and inflation that arise in the short run as aggregate demand shifts the economy along the short run aggregate supply curve.

the short run Phillips curve shows the combinations of

falls, so there are upward pressures on wages and prices.

when aggregate demand shifts right along the short run supply curve, unemployment