Print Options

Font size:

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

To print: Ctrl+PPrint as notecards

Chp. 16 Endocrine System Study Questions

1.

Ovary - produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

Pituitary gland - storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

Testis - Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

Adrenal glands - Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Hypothalamus - Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

no data
2.

Bones and muscles - Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Mammary glands - Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Testes or ovaries - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Thyroid - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Adrenal cortex - Cortocotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

no data
3.

Addison's disease - hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

Acromegaly - autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland

Diabetes mellitus - hyposecretion of the pancreas

Pituitary dwarfism - hyposecretion of growth hormone

Graves disease - hypersecretion of growth hormone

no data
4.

Cushing's disease - hypersecretion of adrenal cortex

Myxedema - hyposecretion of thyroid in adults

Acromegaly - hypersection of growth hormone

Cretinism - hyposecretion of thyroid in infants

no data
5.

Thyroid - produces the body's major metabolic hormones

Adrenal medulla - gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction

Hypophysis - the size and shape of a pea: produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid - produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.

Pancreas - produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

no data
6.

Zona glomerulosa - produces aldosterone

Zona fasciculate - produces glucocorticoids, produces androgens, excess hormone levels result in Cushings syndrome.

Adrenal medulla - produces epinephrine, hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

no data
7.

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______

cortisol

8.

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by _____

thymus gland

9.

All of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______

second messengers

10.

What is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus

enzyme

11.

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________

hormones

12.

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

partly contained within the infundibulum

13.

Oxytocin

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

14.

ADH

Is inhibited by alcohol

15.

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by

entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

16.

Gonadocortioids

production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty

17.

Prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as

down-regulation

18.

What is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

direct control of the nervous system

19.

The ability of specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on?

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

20.

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the _______

hypophyseal portal system

21.

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because _____

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

22.

Steroid hormones exert their action by ______

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

23.

The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ?

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

24.

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because?

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

25.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond , It is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because _____

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

26.

Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to_____

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

27.

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that Is released during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome is ________

epinephrine

28.

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

29.

The major targets of growth hormones are ______

bones and skeletal muscles

30.

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through _____

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

31.

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

the heart

32.

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ______

cortisol

33.
no data

adipocytes

34.

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ______

aldosterone

35.

What is not a steroid based hormone?

epinephrine

36.

Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?

a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cells DNA

37.

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messengers systems include ___

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

38.

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ______

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

39.

ACTH _______

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion

40.

What is true about calcium homeostasis?

Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood

41.

Aldosterone ________

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

42.

The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ______

TH

43.

Which organ does not have a hormone production?

liver

44.

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ______

up-regulation

45.

Eicosanoids do not include _____

hydrocortisones

46.

A man was told that he is not synthesizing enough FSH, and for this reason he ay be unable to father a child. Explain this problem...

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

47.

What organ is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?

liver

48.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but it's mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Why is this _____

it does not require a second messenger to effect a response

49.

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

50.

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones?

calcium

51.

What hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

Steroids

52.

________ is a hormone that has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts.

Prolactin

53.

________ are the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone

acromegaly & gigantism

54.

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ______

thyroid

55.

Which hormone stimulates production of RBC's and which organ or structure produces it?

erythropoietin, kidneys

56.

Alpha islet cells produce _______, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone

glucagon

57.

The _____ gland my influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity

pineal

58.

The ____ gland declines in size and function with age

thymus

59.

Endocrine gland stimuli include hormonal, _____, and ______ stimuli

humoral, neural

60.

As a result of stress, the adenohypophysis releases _____, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH