Health

Your textbook refers to "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as

Medical Model

Term is used to describe the process of medical experts becoming influential in proposing and assessing relevant public policies

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would emphasize hat inequalities in healthcare have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?

holistic

Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics?

not in my backyard

The abbreviation NIMBY stands for

human ecology

Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical enivronment

In comparison with men, women have lower rates of

employment in dangerous occupations; consumption of alcohol; cigarette smoking

Family

A set of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share responsibility for reproducing and caring for members of society.

polyandry

A form of polygamy when women can have more than one husband

serial monogamy

A form of marriage in which a person can have several spouses in his or her lifetime but have only one spouse at a time.

bilateral kinship

A kinship sustem in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important

extended family

A collection of people in which relatives in addition to parents and children--such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles--live in the same home.

family of orientation

The family that one grows up in

endogamy

When members of a group have a tendency to marry other members within the group.

conflict perspective

Sociological perspective argues that the American family contributes to society injustice, denies women opportunities that are extended to men, and limits freedom in sexual expression and mate selection.

patriarchal society

A society in which men are expected to dominate family decision making

cohabitation

The practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying

Conflict theorists would view gender differences as

A reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men

Independent variable

A theory states that increasing a person's formal education results in increased earning over a lifetime. In this theory, "formal education is the:

Matrix of domination

Refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non- White women.

Sexism

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other.

Instrumentality

Used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

Institutional discrimination

Refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society

Functionalist perspective

Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit.

glass ceiling

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.

Opening a door for a female

Example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"

Women

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by:

Sacred

In contrast to the natural elements of everyday life, Durkheim described he supernatural aspects of life

Manifest functions

Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual work are part of religion's:

Functionalist perspective

Emphasizes the integrative power of education in human society

credentialism

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field

Hidden curriculum

In the U.S., schoolchildren are fought not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells

Ritual

Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a characteristic of this.

Protestant ethic

What did Weber call the self-denying approach to life practiced by members of various religions.

ecclesia

A religious organization that is recognized as the national or official religion.

Structural mobility

Refers to changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder.

Cultural relativism

Marshall is exploring how the various aspects of the Lenape culture fi together, including their religion, family values, agricultural efforts, and customs, without judging those elements as being interior or superior to modern Western ways. What concept is Marshall practicing?

Sociological imagination

Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specific experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken.

In order for a complex society to function properly, according to Emile Durkheim, all its parts must work together as an integrated whole. He referred to this social cohesion as:

social integration

cultural diffusion

In a four-block section of New York City, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, eat stir-fried vegetables prepared in a wok, or dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, What does this range of culinary possibilities illustrate?

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The residents of a seafaring nation have many more terms in their language that refer to the condition of the sea than do residents of a landlocked nation. This contrast illustrates:

folkways

Swimming in the ocean while wearing a tuxedo or an evening gown would be in violation of one of our societies:

Secondary analysis

Jose is conducting research on organized crime. Rather than interview criminals, he is examine data that someone else has collected. Jose is using what research method?

Material culture

Symbols are the basis of this

Functionalism

Theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously.

They would be classified as manifest functions

How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Roosevelt's....Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?

Expressed in its social norms

Values of society are:

mean

A number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values.

Industrial revolution

The development of sociology occurred within a time of change in western society. Major structural contributions (reasons) for the development of this discipline.

Survival of the fittest

Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society proper while the less capable die out. The term Spencer used to describe this process.

Subculture

In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of light," during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, the members of the Jewish faith represent:

Common culture and a territory

To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualities a group of people must share:

100 percent

If a sample is to be representative (random), what is the proportion of the population that must have the same change of getting selected into the sample?

reliability

This term refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results

Contact hypothesis

A Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. Example of:

Stereotype

An unreliable generalization about all members of a group which does not recognize individual differences within the group.

William I. Thomas

Sociologist observed that people resound not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them.

Victimless crimes

Dave, the president of a small corporation, has a wild weekend. He spends a night with a prostitute, gambles illegally, drinks excessively, and uses drugs. Some would argue he had committed various:

Conflict perspective

Sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African-American offenders.

Differential association

Monica, a new student at Vally High School, become friends with a group of teenagers who us marijuana and remain seated during the singing go the National Anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to stand for the Anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. Example of:

Conformity

The most common and non-deviant adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance.

Anomie

Term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior had become ineffective.

Informal social control

An example: A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry glare.

Affluent

The federal tax policies of the last four decades, especially in the 1980s and in the ten years from 2001 to 2010, have favored:

Race

Race is defined differently by different societies

Colonialism

Example of: At one point, the British empire controlled much of North America, including what is not the United States.

Social Control theory

Theory developed by sociologist Travis Hirschi to emphasize that we are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society, while giving conscious though to whether we will be sanctioned if we fail to conform.

Corporate welfare

The federal bailouts of the banking and auto industry would be considered as this.

Feminization of poverty

Term that refers to a trend in U.S. poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women.

Labeling theory

Sociologist studies how a reacher's attitudes toward students affects their performance. Student of similar abilities who are perceived as "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "trouble makers" perform poorly. Illustrates this explanation of deviance.

Class

One of the dimensions of social inequality identified by Max Weber to refer to people who have a similar level of wealth and income.

Relativity of defiance because the same act can be either deviant or not

Stresses the labeling theory

Proletariat

Karl Marx called those who work in the factories and other productive enterprises.

Conceptions of deviance

Vary considerably from one culture to another

Institutional discrimination

"Patterns of discrimination that are woven into the fabric of society" refers to:

Innovator

Josh needs to achieve a 4.0 GPA to qualify for admission to graduate school. He fears that he will not pass the final exam in chemistry and has decided to sit next to Heather, the best student in the class, and copy her paper. Josh is considered a:

Conflict perspective

Sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality.

Power

Max Weber defined this as the ability to exercise one's will over others.

Caste system

Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, and African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. Example of a:

Ascribed

An 83-year old woman is placed as a small table in a dark corner of a trendy nightclub and is ignored by the staff. Her shoddy treatment is probably due to her age which is this status.

Periphery

According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are on this.

Neocolonialism

The continuing economic dependence of former colonies on foreign countries is called this.

Developing nations have high birthrates

Developing nations have low health spending

Industrial Revolution

Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by this.

Conflict perspective

In viewing the global economic stem as divided between nations who control wealth and this from whom capital is taken, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein

Multinational corporation

Mitsubishi, the world's largest company in terms of revenues, sells and builds some of its cars in the U.S. and numerous other nations around the world. This Japanese based company is an example of this.

White collar crime

Term refers to crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations

Functional for society

Emile Durkheim felt that deviance clarified moral boundaries and affirmed norms, promoted social unity, and change. He concluded that deviance was:

Structural mobility

During the Great Depression thousands of people found themselves in a lower social class. What type of social mobility did this event illustrate?

A stigma

Bill was born with a large egg-shaped birthmark on his forehead. His school buddies taunt him and some local villagers think he's Frankenstein. Bill's birthmark would be described by sociologists as:

Status Inconsistency

When a person ranks high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, she is exhibiting:

Ritualists

In strain theory, Merton terms people who overzealously and cruelty enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as this:

Deviance

Behavior that violates the standards or expectations of a group or society

Means of production

Marx believed that social class depends on this.

Discrimination

The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as:

Scapegoat

Term refers to a racial, ethnic, or religious minority that a member of the dominant group uses to blame for their failure to achieve desired goals.

Those who work hardest and succeed have greatest life chances

What is the relationship between social class and life chances according to functionalist theory.

Segregation

The intergroup strategy that involves separating minority groups from dominant groups from dominant groups so that minimal contact occurs between them.

Children

The most likely segment of the population in the United States to experience poverty today.

Functionalist perspective

Sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise.

Attitude is to behavior as

prejudice is to discrimination

Race refers to biological traits

Ethnicity refers to cultural traits

Minority group

Term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged.

Stereotype

Term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people.

Frustration among those "denied" opportunities

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by:

A personality trait of certain individuals

Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is:

Prejudice is a matter of attitudes

discrimination is a matter of behavior

Bias is built into the operation of social institutions

Institutional racism or discrimination refers to the fact that:

Genocide

Term best characterizes what took place during the reign of terror known as the Holocaust

Minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category

Assimilation refers to the pattern by which:

Segregation

Term refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people.

McDonaldization of Society

George Ritzer maintains that the organizational features of the fast food industry have gradually seeped into many aspects of human social life. He describes this process as:

Bureaucracy

A large organization that is ideally efficient, has a division of labor, has a hierarchy of authority, and is based on rules and procedures.

Television news reporter

An achieved status

Primary group

Characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

Role conflict

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create:

Industrial society

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called:

Dyads

Type of group coalition formation is impossible.

Reference

Groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves.

Secondary group

Sarah works for he American Hair and Felt Corporation. This is one of the secondary groups that Sarah may belong to.

Socialization

The lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture.

Impression management

Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. Example of:

Cognitive development

Jean Piaget's focus was on this.

Mead theorem

"If you define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences"

Imagining a situation from another person's point of view

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind:

People see themselves as they think others see them

When Cooley used the term, "looking-glass self", he was referring to the fact:

Degradation ceremony

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to strip naked and roll in a tub of mud. This is an example of:

Functionalist Perspective

Sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in reward and punishment

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths to infants divided by babies born in that year multiplied by 1000.

Multinational Corporations

Companies that operate across many national boundaries

Modernization theory

Global stratification theory views the economic development of countries as stemming from technological change and will gradually improve the lives of those in developing countries.

Colonialism

A system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland.

Peripheral countries

According to the world systems theory, those nations that are the poor, largely agricultural countries of the world.

Poorest countries

The majority of the world's population live in:

Borderlands

The area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States.

Core nation

England, one of the nations in which industrial capitalism first developed would, according to world system theory is a

all violations of social rules

Deviance refers to:

Functionalist

Perspective stresses that deviance promotes social unity and social change.

Ritualism, rebellion, and retreatism

Deviant responses to anomie as identified by Robert Merton

Formal sanction

Being imprisoned for murder would be an example.

crime

A specific form of deviance that involves the violation of rules that have been written into law.

Retreatist

According to strain theory, they give up pursuit of societal goals and means by abusing alcohol or drugs.

Stigma

Bill was born with a large egg-shaped birthmark on his forehead. His school-mates taunt him and some local villagers believe the mark is a sign of an evil spirit. Bill's birthmark would be describes as a:

Norms; Social control

Makes social life possible by making behavior predictable

White collar crime

Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion.

Glass ceiling

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.

It promotes individualism and a loss of national identity

The major criticism a conflict theorist would make of the hidden curriculum.

Functionalist perspective

Sociological perspective stresses that the teachings of religion help people adjust to life's problems and provide guidelines for daily life.

The growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control

Medicalization of society refers to this.

Extended family

Term describes a family in which grandparents, parents, children, and grandchildren live under one roof

Moral community

Term Durkheim use to describe any group untied by their religious practices, whether they be Hindus dipping in the Ganges River, Buddhists bowing before a shrine, or Aztecs sacrificing a virgin to the gods.

Brain drain

The immigration of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians to the U.S. who are desperately needed in their home countries.

Holistic

Type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics.

Human ecology

Area of study concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical environment.

Ritual

Next week Anthony and Maria will attend the confirmation of their nephew. The confirmation ceremony is also known as a ritual because it helps unite people into a moral community.

Conflict perspective

Sociologial perspective would emphasize that inequalities in healthcare have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources.

Sacred

In contrast to the natural elements of everyday life, Durkheim described the supernatural aspects of life as being:

Credentialism

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field

Social integration

Function performed by American schools stresses making students similar in their speech, appearance, and ways of thinking.

Frank's family of orientation

When Frank was 1 year old he was "unofficially" adopted by another family on the block when his parents were killed in an auto mile accident. He lived with this family until he enlisted in the military when he was 19. How would sociologist classify the adopting family?

Protestant ethic

What Weber called the self-denying approach to life practiced by members of various religions.

Manifest destiny

Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are part of religion's manifest destiny

Functionalist perspective

Sociological perspective focuses on the meaning people attach to religious symbols, rituals, and beliefs to see how they help forge a community of like-minded people.

endogamy

When members of a group have a tendency to marry other members within the group

patriarchal society

A society in which men are expected to dominate family decision making

Hidden curriculum

Process of determining which people will enter what occupations through tracking and placing select students in "ability groups" and "advanced" classes.

Bilateral kinship

A kinship system in which both sides of a person's family regarded as equally important.

Family

A set of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share the responsibility for reproducing and caring for members of society.

Sylvia is living in a society practicing polyandry

Sylvia legally has three husbands. In view of this, which assessment most accurately applies to Sylvia:

A cult

Another term for a new religion

Nature versus nurture

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over:

Horticultural society

The Yanomamo, a South American culture, live in a village and spend some of their time searching for food, but they have small gardens and their primary tool is a stone ax that they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamo is an example of:

A parent

Best example of a significant other

Reference group

A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration and wants to emulate their behavior. These "detectives" could be considered:

Looking glass self

Term Charles Horton Cooley coined to describe the process by which we develop a sense of self.

face work

A law student fails the state bar examination, then tells his or her family, "I really didn't want to be a lawyer, anyway. I think I'll go to business school." is an example of:

Ideal type

A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated.

postmodern society

In the U.S., we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. Feature of:

Television news reporter

An achieved status

Conflict

Theorist would argue that the mass media represents the interests of society's political and economic elites.

role conflict

Involved when a surgeon chooses not tolerate on his own son because the personal involvement of father hood could impair his professional objectivity as a physician.

sensorimotor

A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Jean Piaget.

master status

Ex-professional basketball star Michael Jordan occupies various statuses, including being an African American, a husband, and a father. Nevertheless, Jordan's status as a basketball star function:

impression management

Goffman's term for the ways in which individuals, in various settings, attempt to control how others perceive them.

McDonaldization of society

George Ritzer maintains that the organizational features of the fast food industry have gradually seeped into many aspects of human social life. He describes this process as:

Culture

Term sociologist use to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next

Jewelry, art, hairstyles

Set of concepts best illustrates material culture

Language

A system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communication abstract thought.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Term refers to how our language determines our consciousness and perceptions of objects and events.

mores

The expectations or rules of behavior that develop our of a group's values.

Value cluster

When related values overlap and reinforce one another, as with the values of hard work, education, and achievement, what term is used to describe this relationship:

Cultural lag

Personal computers have become efficient and cost effective when looking up a medical health diagnosis. Regardless, many people refuse to utilize this type of technology support and continue to seek assistance a physician's office. Term describes this example of change in material culture, while the nonmaterial is lagging behind.

Scientific method

The steps in the research process, including observation, hypothesis testing, etc. are parts of this.

Field work

This research method referred to as "participant observation" is also called:

Everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study;

Best describes a random sample:

the survey

Jose is conducting research on organized crim. Rather than going undercover, he is interviewing convicted criminals that have been linked to organized crime. In view of this, what research method id Jose using?

the mean

Term refers to the arithmetic average of a series of number

Whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

In the process of measurement, reliability refers to:

Independent variable

A theory states that increasing a person's formal education results in increased earning over a lifetime. In this theory, "formal education: is the:

Hawthorne effect

Term refers to any change in a subjects behavior cause by the awareness of being studied

Inductive logic

A way of arriving at general conclusions from specific observations

sociology

the systematic study of social behavior and human groups

C. Wright Mills

Introduced the concept of the sociological imagination

Product of people interacting in everyday situations

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction paradigm that society is:

The human body

Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with:

Conflict theory

Karl Marx's view of the struggle between social classes inspired contemporary

Interactionist

Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, which postulates that people present certain aspects of their personalities while obscuring other aspects, is a derivative of what major theoretical perspective?

Status inconsistency

When one ranks high on one dimension of SES but lower on the other dimensions of SES, this is called:

Conflict theorists

Theorist who see stratification as a system of domination and subordination in which those with the most resources exploit and control others.

Most of the poor in the United States are White

Most of the poor in the United States are White

Feminization of poverty

Term that refers to a trend in U.S. poverty whereby most poor families are headed by women.

Structural mobility

Refers to changes in society that changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder.

Children

Most likely segment of the population in the United States to experience poverty today:

Social class

A large collection of people who rank closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige.