Four Properties of Water

cohesive behavior
moderate temperature
expansion upon freezing
versatility as a solvent

Cohesion

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

Adhesion

an attraction between different substance

Evaporating cooling

as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

Moderation of Temperature

heat is absorbed and released
evaporating cooling

Solvent

the dissolving agent of the solution

Solute

substance that is dissolved

Solution

a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances

Aqueous solution

water is solvent

Hydration shell

ion surrounded by a sphere of water molecules when dissolved in water

Hydrophobic substance

substance that does not have affinity for water

Hydrophilic substance

substance that has affinity for water

Colloid

a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

Is oil hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or a colloid?

hydrophobic

Is paper hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or a colloid?

hydrophilic

Is cotton hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or a colloid

hydrophilic and colloid

What allows water molecules to form hydrogen molecules with each other?

polarity

What is used to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic?

pH scale

A substance that reduces H+ ion conc is called a base. True or False

true

What is the pH for a neutral solution?

pH 7

A substance which has more OH- conc and less H+ conc is _____________

basic substance

Buffers

substances that minimize concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Acid precipitation

rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6

What is the valence for Carbon?

four

What are frequent partners of Carbon?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Name the different types of variations in Carbon skeletons

Length
Branching
Double Bonds
Rings

What are isomers?

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

Different types of isomers

Structural, geometric, enantiomers

What are structural isomers?

different covalent arrangements

What are geometric isomers

differ in spatial arrangements

What are enantiomers?

mirror images of each other

What are functional groups?

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Name the seven functional groups discussed in class

Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group

Hydroxyl group

Carbonyl group

Carboxyl group

Amino

Sulfhydryl

Phosphate

Methyl