MOST SUPERIOR BOUNDARY OF THE SPINAL CORD

FORAMEN MAGNUM

MENINGEAL EXTENSION BEYOND THE SPINAL CORD TERMINUS

FILUM TERMINALE

SPINAL CORD TERMINUS

CONUS MEDULLARIS

COLLECTION OF SPINAL NERVES TRAVELING IN THE VERTEBRAL CANAL BELOW THE TERMINUS OF THE SPINAL CORD

CAUDA EQUINA

(A - I)

A. CENTRAL CANAL
B. WHITE MATTER
C. DORSAL HORN
D. LATERAL HORN
E. VENTRAL ROOT OF SPINAL NERVE
F. SPINAL NERVE
G. DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
H. DORSAL RAMUS OF SPINAL NERVE
I. VENTRAL RAMUS OF SPINAL NERVE

(J - O)

J. DURA MATER
K. ARACHNOID MATER
L. PIA MATER
M. VENTRAL HORN
N. DORSAL ROOT OF SPINAL NERVE
O. GRAY COMMISSURE

NEURON TYPE FOUND IN DORSAL HORN

INTERNEURONS

NEURON TYPE FOUND IN VENTRAL HORN

MOTOR

NEURON TYPE FOUND IN ROOT GANGLION

SENSORY

FIBER TYPE IN VENTRAL ROOT

MOTOR

FIBER TYPE IN DORSAL ROOT

SENSORY

FIBER TYPE IN SPINAL NERVE

BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR

WHERE IN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS A LUMBAR PUNCTURE GENERALLY DONE. WHY IS THIS THE SITE OF CHOICE?

BETWEEN L3 AND L5. IT DOES NOT ENDANGER THE DELICATE SPINAL CORD.

THE SPINAL CORD IS ENLARGED IN TWO REGIONS, THE _____ AND THE _____.

CERVICAL AND THE LUMBAR

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE ENLARGEMENTS? (OF THE SPINAL CORD)

BECAUSE THE SPINAL CORD IS NOT THAT THICK BUT ALL THE NERVES THAT BRANCH OUT OF THE BODY HAVE TO FIT IN THESE AREAS.

HOW DOES THE POSITION OF THE GREY AND WHITE MATTER DIFFER IN THE SPINAL CORD AND THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES?

IN THE SPINAL CORD THE OUTER LAYER IS THE WHITE MATTER AND THE INNER LAYER IS THE GREY MATTER. BUT IN THE CEREBRUM WHITE MATTER IS THE INNER LAYER AND GREY MATTER THE OUTER LAYER. (THEY ARE OPPOSITES)

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE MENINGES OF THE SPINAL CORD AND THE BRAIN.

BOTH CONTAIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT MAKE MENINGES. BOTH SURROUND AND PROTECT. THE DURA MATER IN VERTEBRAL CANAL IS SEPARAT AND IN THE CRANIAL CAVITY IT IS TIGHTLY ADHERED. THE PIA MATER IS BOUND VERY TIGHTLY TO BOTH SPINAL AND CRANIAL CAVITIES

HOW CAN YOU DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HORNS.

THE TIPS OF THE VENTRAL HORNS ARE BROADER AND LESS TAPERED THAN THOSE OF THE DORSAL HORNS.

CERVICAL NERVES

C1 - C8

SACRAL NERVES

S1 - S5

LUMBAR NERVES

L1 - L5

THORACIC NERVES

T1 - T12

THE VENTRAL RAMI OF SPINAL NERVES C1 THROUGH T1 AND T12 THROUGH S1 TAKE PART IN FORMING __1___ WHICH SERVE THE __2__ OF THE BODY. THEN VENTRAL RAMI OF T2 THROUGH T12 RUN BETWEEN THE RIBS TO SERVE THE __3__. THE DORSAL RAMI OF THE SPINAL NERVES SERVE __4__.

1. PLEXUSES
2. MOTOR & SENSORY NEEDS OF THE MUSCLES AND SKIN OF THE LIMBS
3. INTERCOSTAL NERVES
4. THE SKIN AND MUSCULATURE OF THE POSTERIOR BODY TRUNK.

DORSAL ROOT OF A SPINAL NERVE

LOSS OF SENSORY FUNCTION

VENTRAL ROOT OF SPINAL NERVE

LOSS OF MOTOR FUNCTION

VENTRAL RAMUS OF SPINAL NERVE

LOSS OF BOTH MMOTOR AND SENSORY FUNCTION

DEFINE PLEXUS

INTERWINING OF NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS

HEAD, NECK, SOULDERS (NAME PLEXUS ONLY)

CERVICAL PLEXUS

DIAPHRAGM

PHRENIC NERVE

POSTERIOR THIGH

P. FEMORAL CUTANEOUS N.

LEG AND FOOT (NAME TWO)

TIBIAL N AND COMMON FIBULAR N.

ANTERIOR FOREARM MUSCLES (NAME TWO)

MEDIAN AND ULNAR NERVES

ARM MUSCLES (NAME TWO)

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS AND RADIAL NERVES

ABDOMINAL WALL (NAME PLEXUS ONLY)

LUMBAR PLEXUS

ANTERIOR THIGH

FEMORAL NERVE

MEDIAL SIDE OF THE HAND

ULNAR NERVE

FOR THE MOST PART, SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS SERVE THE SAME ORGANS AND STRUCTURES. HOW CAN THEY EXERT ANTAGONISTIC EFFECTS?

BECAUSE THEIR POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS RELEASE DIFFERENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS

NAME THREE STRUCTURES THAT RECEIVE SYMPATHETIC BUT NOT PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION.

STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN, THE ADRENAL MEDULLA, AND ALL THE BLOOD VESSELS EXCEPT THOSE OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA

A PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVE CONTAINS

PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS

SECRETES NOREPINEPHRINE; ADRENERGIC FIBERS

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

SECRETES ACETYLCHOLINE; CHOLINERGIC FIBERS

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

LONG PREGANGLIONIC AXON; SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC AXON

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

SHORT PREGANGLIONIC AXON; LONG POSTGANGLIONIC AXON

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

ARISES FROM CRANIAL AND SACRAL NERVES

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

ARISES FROM SPINAL NERVES T1 THROUGH L3

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

NORMALLY IN CONTROL

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

"FIGHT OR FLIGHT" SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

HAS MORE SPECIFIC CONTROL

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

DESCRIBE EXACTLY HOW, FROM A PHYSIOLOGICAL STANDPOINT, GSR CAN BE CORRELATED WITH ACTIVITY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM IS INTEGRATED BY EMOTIONS (STRESS, PAIN, FEELINGS). THESE CHANGES CHANGE HEART RATE, RESPIRATION, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND MORE AUTONOMIC CHANGES OCCUR IN THE SKIN. ALL THESE CAN BE MEASURED BY GSR SINCE THE GSR IS THE MEASUREMENT OF CHANGES IN SKIN SUE TO AUTONOMIC STIMULATION.

BASED ON THE BRIEF AND UNPROFESSIONAL EXPOSURE TO A POLYGRAPH, EXPLAIN WHY THIS MIGHT NOT BE AN EXACT TOOL FOR TESTING THE SINCERITY AND HONESTY OF A SUBJECT.

ITS FAILURE RATE IS FAR TOO HIGH TO PROVIDE TRUE SCIENTIFIC OR LEGAL CERTAINTY. IF IT IS BASED ON SKIN AND EMOTIONAL CHANGES, PEOPLE FEEL DIFFERENT ON DIFFERENT TOPICS/SUBJECTS SO IT COULD GIVE A FALSE READING.