Forehead bone

Frontal

Cheekbone

Zygomatic

Lower jaw

Mandible

Bridge of nose

Nasal

Posterior bones of the hard palate

Palatines

Much of the lateral and superior cranium

Parietal

Most posterior part of the cranium

Occipital

Single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial floor

Sphenoid

Tiny bones bearing tear ducts

Lacrimal

Anterior part of the hard palate

Maxillae

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Ethmoid

Site of mastoid process

Temporal

Site of "sella turica"

Sphenoid

Site of cribriform plate

Ethmoid

Site of mental foramen

Mandible

Site of styloid process

Temporal

Four bones containing paranasal sinuses

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, maxillae

Condyles here articulate with the atlas

Occipital

Foramen magnum located here

Occipital

Small U-shaped bone in the neck, where many tongue muscles attach

Hyoid

Middle ear found here

Temporal

Nasal septum

Vomer

"The cock's comb"; crista galli

Ethmoid

Contain alveoli bearing teeth

Mandible and maxillae

Define suture.

Fibrous bands of tissues that connect the bones of the skull

With one exception, skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception.

Parietal and temporal

What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?

Parietal and temporal with occipital
(PTO)

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

Temporal and parietal bones (TP)

Name the eight bones of the cranium.

(2) Parietal; (2) Temporal; Frontal; Ethmoid; Sphenoid; Occipital

Give two possible functions of the sinuses.

1. Resonance chambers for speech
2. Lighter skull

What is the orbit?

Eye socket

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?

Frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic bones

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

Sphenoid articulates with all of the cranial bones

Vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain

Cervical vertebra-typical

Dens here provides a pivot for rotation of C1

Axis

Transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward

Thoracic

Composite bone that articulates with the hip bone laterally

Sacrum

Massive vertebrae that is weight sustaining

Lumbar

Tail bone, fused vestigial vertebrae

Coccyx

Supports the head and allows a rocking motion

Atlas

Cavity enclosing the nerve cord

Vertebral foramen

Weight bearing portion of the vertebra

Body

Provides levers against which muscles pulls

Spinous and transverse

Provides articulation point for the ribs

Body and transverse

Openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

Intervertebral foramina

Structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

Body and vertebral arch

Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the ventral root then the ventral horn. Sensory nerves enter spinal cord via dorsal horn, synapse on dorsal ganglia, and enter spinal cord

Two factors that permit flexibility of the vertebral column

1. Discs
2. S-shaped vertebral column

What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage

What is a herniated disc?

Disc in which the nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus

What problems would a herniated disc cause?

The nucleus pulposus compresses on the spinal cord leading to pain and possible paralysis

Two spinal curvatures that are obvious at birth?

Concave forward in the Thoracic and Sacral spine

What conditions do secondary curvatures develop?

Over course of normal development
1. Cervical curvature- when infant lifts up its head
2. Lumbar curvature- when infant learns to sit up

Major bony components of the thorax

Ribs and sternum

True rib vs. false rib.

True rib attaches to cartilage that articulates with the sternum

Floating ribs are true or false ribs?

False ribs

What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?

Cone shape