Yip et al

• E2/E3 enzyme for protein quality control (targets orphan proteins, ribosomes)
• Client selection uses ubiquitin binding + cofactor (NAP1L1)
• Initial ubiquitin on client → ↑ UBE2O binding → multi-mono-ubiquitylation (feed-forward)
• NAP1L1 acts as adaptor to recruit specific clients
• Has SH3-like ubiquitin-binding domain for client recognition
• Autoinhibited → activated upon client/ubiquitin binding (multivalency drives selection)

Collins

• Degrades polyubiquitylated proteins (ATP-dependent)
• Steps: recognition → deubiquitylation → unfolding → translocation → degradation
• Needs unstructured region to initiate degradation
• Processive: fully degrades once committed
• Regulated (DUBs, ubiquitin chains, phosphorylation) to ensure specificity + control

Fomicheva

• Genome-wide CRISPR screen → finds regulators of cell density–controlled growth
• Key hit: TRAF3 (normally inhibits NF-κB signaling)
• Loss of TRAF3 → activates noncanonical NF-κB
• Activates innate immune signaling → continued proliferation at high density
• Bypasses normal controls (independent of YAP/TAZ + CDK inhibitors)
• Mechanism: prevents entry into quiescence

Ignolia

• Technique: sequences ribosome-protected mRNA fragments → shows where ribosomes sit on transcripts
• Provides codon-level resolution of translation
• Measures:
  • Translation efficiency of genes
  • Ribosome density along mRNAs
  • Start/stop sites, pausing, frameshifting
• Allows genome-wide view of protein synthesis
• Reveals new regulatory features: upstream ORFs, alternative initiation, translational control