Which of the following hormones are water-soluble?

Select all that apply

1. Steroids
2. Proteins
3. Peptides
4. Amines

B, C, D

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because...

1. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional.
2. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release.
3. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system as a result of its location.
4. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

D

Endocrine glands secrete __________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called __________.

1. neurotransmitters; neurons
2. neurotransmitters; target tissues
3. hormones; neurons
4. hormones; target tissues

D

_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

1. Iodine
2. Calcitriol
3. Calcium
4. Iron

A

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except

1. increasing the rate of glycogen formation.
2. stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors.
3. stimulating protein synthesis.
4. increasing fat breakdown.

A

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

1. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
2. Thyroid gland
3. Mammary gland
4. Hypothalamus

B

Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?

1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. Calcitonin
3. Triiodothyronine (T₃)
4. Thyroxine (T₄)

A

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

1. Protein hormones
2. Amine hormones
3. Hydrophobic hormones
4. Hydrophilic hormones

C

____ are the major targets of growth hormone.

1. The adrenal glands
2. Bone and skeletal muscle
3. The lungs
4. The blood vessels

B

Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?

1. Cellular stimulation
2. Humoral stimulation
3. Hormonal stimulation
4. Neural stimulation

C

Which tropic hormone(s) is/are released by the anterior pituitary?

Select All That Apply

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A,B,D

__________ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.

1. Paracrine
2. Endocrine
3. Neuronal
4. Autocrine

D

The __________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

1. thymus gland
2. pancreas
3. thyroid gland
4. hypothalamus

D

The endocrine system secretes __________ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.

1. receptors
2. calcium
3. neurotransmitters
4. hormones

D

Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

1. Increased release of calcium ions from bone
2. Increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys
3. Increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine
4. Increased osteoblast activity

D

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?

1. Increasing solute concentration of the blood
2. Increasing solute concentration of the urine
3. Increasing blood glucose levels
4. Increasing blood pressureD

A

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

1. The endocrine system communicates directly with target cells through the use of neurotransmitters.
2. The endocrine system produces immediate, short-lasting effects.
3. The endocrine system secretes products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.
4. The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

D

_____ are hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.

1. Antagonists
2. Neural stimuli
3. Synergists
4. Humoral stimuli

A

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.

1. calcitriol
2. cholesterol
3. cortisol
4. calcitonin

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because

1. the pituitary gland produces signals that control the hypothalamus.
2. the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.
3. releasing hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary.
4. the posterior lobe of the pituitary secretes inhibiting hormones.

B

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the __________.

1. thyroid gland
2. blood calcium ion level
3. adrenal gland
4. hypothalamus

B

Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in

1. a decrease in blood pressure.
2. a lowered body temperature.
3. an underactive nervous system.
4. a tendency toward weight loss.

D

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

1. Hypercalcemia
2. Cold temperatures
3. Hypocalcemia
4. Low basal metabolic rate

C

All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________.

1. hypothalamus
2. anterior pituitary
3. thymus
4. thyroid gland

A

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary _________

1. by the portal veins.
2. via the infundibulum.
3. in the systemic circulation.
4. by axonal transport in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract.

A

Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based?

1. Aldosterone
2. Estrogen
3. Cortisone
4. Epinephrine

D

Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:

1. are carried out as individual actions to maintain homeostasis.
2. can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.
3. are immediate and short-lived.
4. are felt on all cells in the body.

B

Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?

1. Calcitonin
2. Thyroid hormones
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
4. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

B

Paracrine signals:

1. act on neighboring cells.
2. are secreted into a duct.
3. are secreted into the bloodstream.
4. act on the cell that secreted them.

A

Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ?

1. Pineal gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Kidneys
4. Heart

B

Most hormone secretion is regulated as part of a ________.

1. nervous system action potential
2. downregulation cycle
3. negative feedback loop
4. positive feedback loop

C

Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?

1. Oxytocin
2. Estrogen
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?

1. Increasing solute concentration of the blood
2. Increasing blood pressure
3. Increasing solute concentration of the urine
4. Increasing blood glucose levels

A

A second messenger for hormone response is __________.

1. ATP
2. protein kinase
3. adenylate cyclase
4. cAMP

D

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except

1. increasing fat breakdown.
2. stimulating protein synthesis.
3. stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors.
4. increasing the rate of glycogen formation.

D

The cells of the nervous system communicate via __________, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via __________.

1. hormones; action potentials
2. paracrine signals; autocrine signals
3. hormones; neurotransmitters
4. neurotransmitters; hormones

D

What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?

1. Loose adipose connective tissue
2. Dense elastic connective tissue
3. Glandular epithelium
4. Nervous tissue

C

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by

1. blocking the action of growth hormones.
2. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium.
3. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin.
4. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium.

D

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

1. Tropic hormones
2. Stimulating hormones
3. Releasing and inhibiting hormones
4. Trophic hormones

C

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.

• calcitonin
• calcitriol
• cholesterol
• cortisol

B

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except...

1. increasing the rate of glycogen formation.
2. increasing fat breakdown.
3. stimulating protein synthesis.
4. stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors.

A

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

1. Thyroid gland
2. Pineal gland
3. Adrenal gland
4. Pituitary gland

D

Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone?

1. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect?

1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Histamine
4. Triiodothyronine (T3)

B

Because of the body’s general response to stress, the blood concentration of __________.

1. epinephrine and cortisol rise
2. epinephrine rises and cortisol falls
3. epinephrine and cortisol fall
4. cortisol rises and epinephrine falls

A

Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

1. Anterior pituitary
2. Pancreas
3. Thyroid
4. Adrenal medulla

B

Testosterone is produced by the __________.

1. posterior pituitary
2. hypothalamus
3. testes
4. anterior pituitary

C

The __________ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

1. pancreas
2. liver
3. kidney
4. heart

D

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
2. Aldosterone and cortisol
3. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentrations by causing the kidneys to

1. retain sodium and excrete potassium.
2. excrete both sodium and potassium.
3. retain both sodium and potassium.
4. retain potassium and excrete sodium.

A

Insulin operates under __________.

• hormonal stimulation
• neural stimulation
• neurohormonal stimulation
• humoral stimulation

D

Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

1. Insulin
2. Aldosterone
3. Cortisol
4. Epinephrine

C

Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol?

1. Nervous tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. The liver
4. Muscle tissue

A

Thyroxine (T₄) functions to

1. reduce the rate of carbohydrate catabolism.
2. inhibit the activities of the nervous system.
3. inhibit the rate at which calcium enters body fluids.
4. increase the general rate of metabolism.

D

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Cortisol
4. Growth hormone

A

Renin is produced by the __________.

1. adrenal medulla
2. kidneys
3. adrenal cortex
4. liver

B

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine
4. Androgens

C

Aldosterone regulates __________.

1. blood calcium ion levels
2. blood iodide ion levels
3. extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
4. blood glucose levels

C

__________ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.

1. Hypoglycemia
2. Diabetes insipidus
3. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
4. Type 1 diabetes mellitus

D

Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except

1. glycogenesis.
2. synthesis of fat from lipids.
3. an increase in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, increasing glucose uptake.
4. an increase in blood glucose.

D

Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
3. Estrogens
4. Progesterone

C

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?

1. Catecholamines
2. Thyroid hormones
3. Insulin
4. Glucagon

B

Which of the following hormones play key roles in the body’s long-term response to stress?

1. Parathyroid hormone, cortisol, and growth hormone
2. Insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormone
3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon
4. Growth hormone, insulin, and aldosterone

C

Which of the following statements is false?

1. Exercise will increase release of fatty acids.
2. A carbohydrate-rich meal increases insulin secretion.
3. Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion.
4. A carbohydrate-rich meal decreases glucagon secretion.

C

Melatonin is secreted by the __________ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle.

1. pancreas
2. pineal gland
3. thymus gland
4. hypothalamus

B

Which factor(s) stimulate(s) aldosterone secretion?

1. Falling blood levels of sodium
2. Rising blood levels of potassium
3. Decreased blood pH
4. Increased plasma volume

a,b,c

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

1. Growth hormone
2. Insulin
3. Cortisol
4. Thyroid hormone

B

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)?

1. Glucagon
2. Aldosterone
3. Calcitonin
4. Insulin

B

Aldosterone __________.

1. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
2. is secreted by the neurohypophysis
3. production is not influenced by ACTH
4. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.

1. T lymphocytes
2. alpha cells
3. chief cells
4. beta cells

A

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Parathyroid hormone
4. Calcitonin

B

Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

1. Zona reticularis
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona glomerulus
4. Medulla

C

______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. Cortisol

A

The __________ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.

1. beta
2. delta
3. acinar
4. alpha

A

Leptin is a hormone produced by the __________.

1. pineal gland
2. ovaries
3. thymus gland
4. adipose tissue

D

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce __________.

1. somatotropin
2. insulin
3. glucagon
4. somatostatin

C

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Neurohormones
3. Androgenic steroids
4. Glucocorticoids

A

1. Cortisol acts to...

• promote the storage of amino acids in the form of proteins by increasing protein synthesis.
• stimulate gluconeogenesis.
• promote the storage of fatty acids in adipose tissue.
• increase the permeability of capillaries.

B

Match the hormone with its action.

1. Melatonin
2. Leptin
3. Erythropoietin
4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Promotes satiety - B

Decreases blood pressure - D

Promotes sleep - A

Increases red blood cell formation - C