What are the main functions of the Integumentary System?

Protects the body, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, houses sensory receptors.

What are the main functions of the Skeletal System?

Provides structure, support, and protection; stores minerals; produces blood cells.

What are the main functions of the Muscular System?

Allows movement, maintains posture, produces heat.

What are the main functions of the Nervous System?

Detects stimuli, processes information, and controls responses.

What are the main functions of the Endocrine System?

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.

What are the main functions of the Cardiovascular System?

Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

What are the main functions of the Lymphatic/Immune System?

Defends against infection and disease; returns fluid to bloodstream.

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

Delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide.

What are the main functions of the Digestive System?

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

What are the main functions of the Urinary System?

Eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates water and electrolyte balance, maintains pH.

What are the main functions of the Reproductive System?

Produces gametes (sperm and eggs); supports development of offspring.

What is homeostasis?

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

What is a negative feedback loop?

A process that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain balance.

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Body temperature regulation (sweating when hot, shivering when cold).

What is a positive feedback loop?

A process that enhances the original stimulus and drives events to completion.

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Blood clotting or childbirth contractions.

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Toward the front.

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Toward the back.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head / above.

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head / below.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment.

What does superficial mean?

Toward the surface.

What does deep mean?

Away from the surface.

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

The body into anterior and posterior sections.

What does the sagittal plane divide?

The body into left and right parts.

What does the midsagittal (median) plane divide?

The body into equal left and right halves.

What does the parasagittal plane divide?

The body into unequal left and right portions.

What does the transverse (horizontal) plane divide?

The body into superior and inferior parts.

What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the human body?

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N).

Name some other important elements in the human body.

Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe).

What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?

Protons (+, in nucleus), Neutrons (neutral, in nucleus), Electrons (–, orbiting nucleus).

What does the atomic number represent?

The number of protons in an atom (defines the element).

What does atomic mass represent?

The total number of protons and neutrons.