Pathogen

any organism capable of causing disease in its host

Jenner

first inoculation

Semmelweiss

linked handwashing to disease

Hook

named cells

Koch

anthrax

Ehrlich

father of chemotherapy

Pasteur

pasterization

Pasteur

rabies incoluation

Lister

used carbon acid in surgery

What are the four organic compounds

Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, organic acid

enzymes

protein catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in cells

denaturization

disruption of hydrogen bonds an other weak forces that maintain the structure of a globular protein

wet mount

technique in which a drop of fluid containing microorganisms is place on a slide

smear

thin layer of liquid specimen spread out on a microscopic slide

stain

molecule that can bind a structure and give it color

Why is a gram stain important?

Determines type of antibiotic may be effective due to cell wall construction

coccus

spherical

bacillus

rod-shaped

spirillum

wavy or spiral

staphylo

clusters

strepto

chains

diplo

pairs

tetra

four cells in a cube

sarchina

eight cells in a cube

Gram positive

lot of peptidoglycan and is sensitive to antibiotics

Gram negative

thin layer of peptidoglycan and less sensitive to antibiotics

endospore

resistant, dormant structure that can survive adverse conditions

endotoxin

toxin incorporated in gram-negative bacteria cell walls and released when bacteria dies

L forms

irregularly shaped naturally occurring bacteria with defective cell walls

denaturization of enzymes

loses normal shape; cannot form enzyme-substrate complex

Lag phase

adapt to new environments and getting ready to divide

log phase

period of greatest cell division: exhibits most typical size and shape

stationary phase

population remains the same: some cells form while the same amount dies

decline phase

more and more cells die

Physical growth

pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation

Nutritional

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phospherus, trace elements, and vitamins

streak plate

bacteria are lightly spread over the same surface of agar plates, results in isolated colonies

defined synthetic medium

contains known specific kinds and amount of chemical substances

complex medium

reasonably familiar materials but varies slightly in chemical composition from batch to batch

natural media

bacteria and other things growing together in oceans, lakes, and soil & living and dead organisms

selective media

encourages growth of some organisms but suppresses growth of other organisms

differential medium

observable changes (color, pH)

mutagen

agent that increases rate of mutations

transformation

change in an organisms characteristics because of transfer of genetic information

transduction

transferring genetic material by DNA being carried by bacteria-phages

conjugation

genetic material change but the donor and recipient must have contact & transfers much larger quantities of DNA

nucleic acid

DNA

capsid

protein subunit that surround nucleic acid

enveloped viruses

bilayer membrane outside their capsid

naked virus

no bilayer membrane outside of capsid

spikes

projections extending from viral envelope

viral specificity

specific kinds of cell a virus can infect whether a virus can or cannot attach to a cell

prion

exceedingly small infectious particle consisting of protein without any nucleic acid

parasite

an organism that lives at the expense of another organism

host

thing that a parasite attaches to

definitive host

harbor parasite while it reproduces sexually

reservoir hosts

infected organism that make parasites available for transmission to other hosts

helmiths

worms

scolex

head end of tapeworm

progliottid

body components mainly of reproductive organs of both sexes

hyphae

a long, threadlike structure of cells in fungi

Platyhelminthes

flatworms that live in or on hosts

nematodes

roundworms that live in the intestine or circulatory system of hosts

What percent of alcohol is most effective

70%

what all affect the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents

time, temperature, pH, & concentration

Agents kill by what means

chemical and physical

antibiotic

chemical substance produced by microorganisms which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria

superinfection

invasion by replacement microflora

zone of inhibition

clear area that appears on agar in the disk diffusion method

pathogen

parasite capable of causing disease in a host

contamination

presence of microorganisms on inanimate objects or surfaces of skin and mucous membranes

infection

multiplication of a parasitic organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host's body

virulence

degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen

sign

disease characteristic that can be observed by examining the patient

symptom

disease characteristic that can be observed or felt only by the patient, pain or nausea

sequelae

aftereffect of a disease

endemic

disease that is constantly present in a specific population

epidemic

disease that has a higher than normal incidence in a population over a relatively short period of time

pandemic

epidemic that has become world wide

virulence factors

characteristics that improve the chance of successful host invasion and infection

CDC

Center of Disease Control

nosocomial infections

infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

top nosocomial infections

Staphlococcus aureus, E. coli, streptococcus

sites of nosocomial infections

urinary tract, surgical wounds

adaptive (specific) immunity

mount defense against particular infectious agents by responses to that agent

innate (nonspecific) immunity

immunity exists in an organism because genetically determined characteristics

B cells

lymphocytes that are processed and mature

T cells

cells in thymus that undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells