Which of the following could occur after plants moved from the oceans to land? A) Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources. B) Animals could also move onto land because they had easier access to nitrogen. C) Cyanobacteria could also move onto land because their host plants occurred there. D) Plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the oceans.

A

Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants? A) It occurred in conjunction with insects that pollinated them. B) It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil. C) It helped them to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans. D) It occurred only about 150 million years ago.

B

Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants? A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

B

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would most likely have had which of the following features? A) flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B) completely bare rock, with little pools that contained cyanobacteria and protists C) tall forests in swamps D) nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

D

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

A

Based on the plant fossil record, which of these events likely occurred most recently? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses C) rise and diversification of angiosperms D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

C

Which of the following assumptions led to the hypothesis that the first plants exhibited low, sprawling growth? A) They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to remain in close contact with the moist soil. B) The ancestors of plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air. C) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. D) There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat.

B

Which of the following describes a difference between the structures of spores and seeds? A) Spores have a protective outer covering while seeds do not. B) Spores have an embryo while seeds do not. C) Spores have stored nutrition while seeds do not. D) Spores are unicellular while seeds are not.

D

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga? A) It contains chloroplasts. B) It is surrounded by a cuticle. C) It lacks vascular tissue. D) It has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose.

B

In plants, which of the following is a benefit of retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte? A) it protects the zygote from herbivores B) It helps in dispersal of pollen C) it helps in dispersal of the zygote D) it allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

D

Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores? A) lignin B) cellulose C) chlorophyll D) sporopollenin

D

Which taxon includes organisms referred to as "embryophytes"? A) Plantae B) Pterophyta C) Bryophyta D) Charophycea

A

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), which of the following shared derived characteristics would be included in the revised kingdom? A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, and alternation of generations C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, alternation of generations, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin D) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, cell walls of cellulose, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin

A

Which of the following factors most likely helped early plants colonize land? A) a decreased availability of CO2 B) a high number of competitors for light C) formation of mutualistic associations with fungi D) air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

C

A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte. Which of the following features would best help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? A) molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts B) molecular structure of cellulose C) structure of mitochondria D) structure of sperm cells

D

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure.

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number

over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

In the figure, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

A) 1

B) 3

C) 7

D) 11

C

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure.

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number

over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

In the figure, which number represents an embryo?

A) 1

B) 3

C) 7

D) 11

D

he following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure.

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number

over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

In the figure, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)?

A) 2

B) 4

C) 2 and 8

D) 10 and 12

B

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure.

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number

over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure?

A) 1

B) 3

C) 5

D) 7

B

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure.

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number

over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

In the figure, the process labeled "6" involves ________.

A) mitosis

B) meiosis

C) fertilization

D) binary fission

A

The observation that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b is more consistent with which of the following claims? A) These derived traits show that green plants evolved from ancient charophytes. B) These shared traits show that green plants evolved from present-day charophytes. C) The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b. D) These two groups are not closely related.

C

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate? A) The transition to land occurred within a few generations. B) The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions. C) Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive ever-drier conditions. D) The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems.

B

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? A) Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important. B) Protection of the zygote from competitors for light was more important in air than in water. C) Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes. D) Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms.

A

Which of the following outcomes is most likely if animals had alternation of generations? A) they would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates B) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and remain unicellular C) the products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis D) the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

D

In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems found? A) only in shoots B) only in roots C) in both roots and shoots D) in pollen

C

Which of the following statements about stomata is correct? A) Stomata are absent in aquatic plants. B) Stomata open when guard cells shrink. C) Stomata allow movement of nutrients into the plant. D) Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.

D

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes? A) the ability to form symbiotic relationships with fungi B) the ability to grow taller C) the ability to protect developing embryos D) the ability to reproduce using flowers

B

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)? A) They share a more recent common ancestor with vascular plants than they do with green algae. B) They are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants. C) They can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system. D) They are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants.

A

Which of the following statements is correct regarding stomata? A) They occur in all plants and define them as a monophyletic group. B) They open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss. C) They occur in all plants and are the same as pores. D) They open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange.

B

Which of the following is a common feature among liverworts, hornworts, and mosses? A) They are all wind pollinated. B) They are heterosporous. C) They are pollinated by animals. D) They require standing water for reproduction.

D

Which of the following claims about moss gametophytes is most consistent with the observation that they lack a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick? A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D) They have branching veins in their leaves.

B

Which of the following plant forms is best adapted to live in a forest with a temperate climate? A) zygote of a green alga B) gametophyte of a moss C) sporophyte of a liverwort D) gametophyte of a fern

B

Which of these structures produce spores? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B) antheridium of a moss or fern C) archegonium of a moss or fern D) gametophyte of a moss

A

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the genus Sphagnum? A) It is an economically important liverwort. B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas. C) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel. D) It represents a large repository of CO2 that is likely to be released with global warming.

D

Which of the following is a similarity between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants? A) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. B) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. C) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. D) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.

B

Which of the following statements is most likely true of the cuticle in plant species lacking pores? A) It is impermeable to water and gases. B) It is thicker than in species with pores. C) It is thinner than in species with pores. D) It is composed of a non-waxy substance.

C

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of archegonia? A) they are where male gametes are produced B) they may contain sporophyte embryos C) they have the same function as sporangia D) they make asexual reproductive structures

B

Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction? A) Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage. B) Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia. C) Eggs and sperm of most plants swim toward one another. D) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

B

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists the structures from largest to smallest? A) gametes, gametophytes, antheridia B) gametes, antheridia, gametophytes C) gametophytes, gametes, antheridia D) gametophytes, antheridia, gametes

D

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant.

C

Which of the following structures is present in a bryophyte at some point in their life cycles? A) microphylls B) true roots C) true leaves D) sporangia

D

Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat most likely has ________. A) a lower concentration of bacteria B) a higher diversity of organisms C) a lower oxygen content D) a higher pH

D

Dawsonia is a moss that can grow to 1 meter in height, which is not common among mosses. Which of the following structures is likely to be found in Dawsonia but not in most other mosses? A) cuticle along the ridges of leaves B) leaves that are more than one cell layer thick C) reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes D) the presence of water-conducting tissues

D

Which of the following statements correctly describes the haploid gametophytes of bryophytes? A) They are multicellular, just like the haploid stages of animal species. B) They are multicellular and produce zygotes. C) They are usually composed of single cells, just like the gametes of mammals. D) They are usually multicellular, but lack vascular tissue.

D

If bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall? A) The term nonvascular plant is actually incorrect in describing bryophytes. B) These tall mosses are more closely related to seed plants than to other mosses. C) Some mosses independently evolved conducting tissues. D) The rhizoids contain the conducting tissues.

C

Use the figure to answer the following question.

The graph summarizes the results of Richard Bowden's study showing the effect that the

presence or absence of moss had on the amount of nitrogen in soil. Which of the following

claims would be best supported using the data?

A) the presence or absence of moss has no effect on the amount of nitrogen found in soil

B) the presence of moss increases the amount of nitrogen in soil

C) the absence of moss increases the amount of nitrogen in soil

D) soils with and without moss both exhibit an increase in the amount of nitrogen present

C

In an investigation of Sphagnum growth, researchers measured the growth of four different S.

fuscum species (labeled a, ab, bc, and c in the figure) at four temperatures. The results of the

investigation are represented in the graph.

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data?

A) S. fuscum species are best adapted to live in warm climates.

B) S. fuscum species grow faster at moderate temperatures.

C) S. fuscum species grow slower at warmer temperatures.

D) S. fuscum species are best adapted to growth in cold climates.

A

In an investigation of Sphagnum growth, researchers measured the growth of four different S.

fuscum species (labeled a, ab, bc, and c in the figure) at four temperatures. The results of the

investigation are represented in the graph.

What would you expect to happen to the geographic range of S. fuscum as the average

temperatures on Earth rise?

A) The geographic range of S. fuscum will extend southward.

B) The geographic range of S. fuscum will extend northward.

C) The geographic range of S. fuscum will not change.

D) The geographic range of S. fuscum will contract at both the northern and southern ends.

B

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the life cycle of a fern? A) the gametophyte generation produces spores B) the sporophyte generation produces pollen C) the sporophyte generation produces spores D) the gametophyte generation produces pollen

C

Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous plants? A) two types of sporophylls B) vascular tissue C) one type of sporophyll D) a diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis

A

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. It has flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, a separate gametophyte and sporophyte, a dominant sporophyte, and no seeds. What group does it likely belong to? A) mosses B) ferns C) gymnosperms D) flowering plants

B

You find a plant that is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte sporophyte. What feature best helps you decide? A) whether or not it has true leaves B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds D) its height

B

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of a fern? A) the sporophyte generation is smaller in size than the gametophyte generation B) sporangia are found on the gametophyte C) ferns contain no vascular tissue D) sporangia are found on the sporophylls

D