The following are examples of protozoans of clinical importance

1. E. hystolytica
2. I. butschlii
3. Giardia
4. Trichomonas
5. All of the above

All of the above

1. The following are examples of helminthes of clinical importance:

1. Taenia solium
2. Enterobius
3. Trichuris
4. Ascaris
5. All of the above

All of the above

1. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra (with the exception of the opening), and the urine within are____.

Sterile

Not Sterile

Contaminated

B and C

None of the above

Sterile

1. When excreted, urine can become contaminated by the _____of the opening of the urethra and external genitalia.

1. opportunistic flora
2. pathogens
3. epithelial cells
4. normal flora
5. None of the above

normal flora

1. Define bacteriuria

1. The presence of bacteria in blood
2. The presence of bacteria in stool
3. The presence of bacteria in saliva
4. The presence of bacteria in urine
5. None of the above

The presence of bacteria in urine

1. The presence of bacteria in voided urine does not necessarily indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI).

True

False

True

1. Normal urine that is simply contaminated during passage out of the body contains very few bacteria

• True
• False

• True

1. 100-1,000 bacteria per milliliter of urine is considered within the normal range

• True
• False

• True

1. Bacteria in urine are often normal skin organisms that are not common pathogens of the urinary tract; thus, they are easily identified as contaminants.

• True
• False

• True

1. UTIs most often occur when normal intestinal flora present on the external urogenital surfaces become transplanted, invade the urethra, and then ascend into the bladder.

• True
• False

• True

1. In most cases, these bacteria are opportunistic members of fecal flora.

• True
• False

• True

1. ______ is by far the most frequent causative agent of UTI.

1. Proteus
2. Escherichia coli
3. Clostridium difficile
4. A and B
5. B and C

1. Escherichia coli

1. In addition, urinary tract infections are the most common nosocomial infections, accounting for approximately ____of all cases.

1. 30%
2. 31%
3. 32%
4. 33%
5. None of the above

1. None of the above

1. UTIs as _____are usually associated with urinary catheterization.

1. Opportunistic infections
2. Fungal infections
3. Nosocomial infections
4. Communicable infections
5. None of the above

1. Nosocomial infections

1. Laboratory diagnosis of a urinary tract infection is made by culturing ___

1. Blood
2. Serum
3. Urine
4. Fecal matter
5. None of the above

1. Urine

1. To distinguish contamination of urine by normal urogenital flora from a urinary tract infection caused by the same organisms, it is necessary to determine the numbers of organisms present per milliliter of urine.

• True
• False

• True

1. In general, a count in excess of 100,000 organisms per milliliter of urine and the predominance of only one species in a properly collected and transported urine specimen is considered clinically significant.

• True
• False

• True

1. The presence of an excess of 100,000 organisms per milliliter of urine correlates with active infection of the bladder or kidneys.

• True
• False

• True

1. A quantitative culture is prepared by placing a measured volume of urine on an agar plate and counting the number of ____that develop after incubation.

1. Bacterium
2. Colonies
3. Plaque forming units
4. Colony forming units
5. None of the above

1. Colonies

1. A calibrated loop that delivers 0.01 ml (10 μl) of urine sample is used to inoculate the plate. To determine the number of organisms per milliliter of urine, the colony count is divided by 0.01 ml.

1. 1 ml
2. 0.1ml
3. 0.001 ml
4. 0.01 ml
5. None of the above

1. 0.01 ml

1. 21 colonies ÷ 0.01 ml = 2100 colonies/ml

• True
• False

• True

1. Culturing urine samples should begin soon after collection, before contaminants can multiply and distort the results.

• True
• False

• True

1. Overgrowths in standing urine can lead to false positives.

• True
• False

• True

1. Since urine is an excellent medium for bacterial growth, samples should be immediately frozen.

1. True
2. False

1. False

1. Bacterial counts in the refrigerator will remain constant for up to 24 hours.

• True
• False

• True

1. “Clean-catch” technique describes what?

1. Proper collection of urine for culture
2. Clean all external surfaces surrounding the urethra
3. Discard the first stream of urine.
4. Collect the “midstream” portion in a sterile specimen container.
5. All of the above

1. All of the above

1. It is important to keep the sterile urine specimen container in close contact with your skin or clothing to keep the sample warm.

1. True
2. False

False

1. Chocolate agar plates are used for identification of which of the following?

1. Hemophilus species
2. Neisseria Gonorrhea
3. Corynebacterium Species
4. A and B

1. A and B

1. Normal Flora microorganisms include all of the following except:

1. Escherichia
2. Klebsiella-Enterobacter
3. Proteus
4. Shigella
5. Citrobacter

1. Shigella

1. Which of the following is TRUE about the cilia?

1. covers the surface of the cell
2. propelling the cell through the water
3. produces a feeding current that draws food particles to the cell.
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

1. All of the above

1. Paramecium has a slipper shape.

• True
• False

• True

1. What is the shape of Stentor?

1. Slipper shape
2. Cone shape
3. Oval shape
4. None of the above

1. Cone shape

1. Which of the fallowing is statements is false?

1. Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms.
2. Protozoans are unicellular organisms
3. Protozoans possess a cell wall
4. Protozoans are heterotrophic
5. Protozoans are not photosynthetic

1. Protozoans possess a cell wall

1. Which of the following is most common form of reproduction in protozoa?

• Asexual binary fission
• Conjugation
• Fusion of gametes

• Asexual binary fission

1. Helminths are capable of existing as parasites of humans and nonhuman animals.

• True
• False

• True

1. Flatworms absorb food directly via a nonliving covering known as?

• Cuticle
• Pellicle
• Wax
• Dermis

• Cuticle

1. The protective envelope like covering found on protozoa is called?

1. Cuticle
2. Pellicle
3. Wax
4. Dermis

1. Pellicle

1. Which of the following is produced by protozoa to protect its cell during times of environmental stress and poor nutrient availability?

• Dormant cysts
• Trophozoites
• None of the above

• Dormant cysts

1. Which of the following yeast lives in our body as part of the normal gut microbiota?

1. Saccharomyces cereviseae
2. Candida albicans
3. Cryptococcus neoformans

1. Candida albicans

1. Yeast cells reproduces asexually by dividing to create two genetically identical copies of themselves. Which of the following is the mechanism by which this process happens?

1. Budding
2. Binary fission
3. conjugation
4. A & B

1. A & B

1. Which of the following species of yeast is used in baking and alcoholic beverage production and in production of useful proteins?

• Saccharomyces cereviseae
• Candida albicans
• Cryptococcus neoformans

• Saccharomyces cereviseae

1. Which of the following is most frequent causative agent of urinary tract infections?

1. Enterococcus faecalis
2. E. coli
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4. Klebsiella

1. E. coli

1. Which of the following has no cyst stage?

• Trichomonas hominis
• Giardia lamblia
• Chilomastix mesnili

• Trichomonas hominis

1. Which of the following organisms are pear shaped?

1. Chilomastix mesnili
2. Trichomonas hominis
3. Giardia lamblia
4. All of the above

All of the above

1. Amoebas move by means of?

• Pseudopodia
• Flagella
• Cilia

• Pseudopodia