A 10-year-old child recently returned from a trip to Southeast Asia and presents with high fever, intense abdominal pain, and frequent watery diarrhea that later developed into bloody stools with mucus. The child is also experiencing nausea and vomiting. Based on the patient’s symptoms and travel history, which of the following is the most likely causative agent?

A. Escherichia coli O157:H7

B. Shigella dysenteriae

C. Salmonella enterica

D. Clostridium difficile

Shigella dysenteriae

You are a lab technician that was brought a patient sample from the clinic, and you are tasked with identifying the causative agent of their acute diarrhea symptoms. You conducted a gram stain of the microbe, and you saw a gram-negative microbe in the shape of a rod. You also completed antigen testing of the microbe and found that shiga toxin is present. Which of the following is one of the possible causative agents with this description?

A. Salmonella

B. Shiga-Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

C. Vibrio cholerae

D. Clostridioides difficile

Shiga-Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

What type of vaccine are the Hepatitis B vaccine and Pfizer&Moderna COVID-19 vaccines?

a. Whole Organism Vaccine

b. Antigenic Component Vaccine

c. Killed Cell or Inactivated Virus

d. Live, Attenuated Cells or Viruse

Antigenic Component Vaccine

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in microbial metabolism?

A. Enzymes are consumed during metabolic reactions and must be constantly replaced
B. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
C. Enzymes raise the activation energy to speed up reactions
D. Enzymes are only used during photosynthesis in microbial cells

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

What specific type of urinary tract infection affects the kidney?

a. Cystitis

b. Urethritis

c. Pyelonephritis

d. Vaginitis

Pyelonephritis

Which of the following is the CORRECT relationship?
_______________ on _______________ recognize _______________ on _______________.

a. PRRs; macrophages; PAMPS; pathogens
b. PAMPs; macrophages; PRRs; pathogens
c. PRRs; pathogens; PAMPS; macrophages
d. PRRs; macrophages; PAMPs; neutrophils

PRRs; macrophages; PAMPS; pathogens

Which of the following is true about endotoxic shock?

a. It can be caused by bacteria and fungi

b. It leads to a drastic increase in blood pressure

c. Causative agents cause direct tissue damage that can lead to death

d. It is another term for septicemia

e. It causes widespread cytokine-mediated inflammation

It causes widespread cytokine-mediated inflammation

A 25 year old woman presents with fever, abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea that became bloody over the past 24 hours. She mentions that she recently returned from a camping trip where she drank untreated spring water. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent of her illness?

A. Shigella

B. Campylobacter jejuni

C. Salmonella

D. Clostridium difficile

Campylobacter jejuni

What is sepsis?

A. the presence of microorganisms in the blood

B. inflammation of the heart lining and blood vessels

C. when organisms are actively multiplying in the blood

D. the presence of bacteria in the blood

when organisms are actively multiplying in the blood

Which of the following correctly matches a type of RNA with its function?

a. Transfer RNA (tRNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation

b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): serves as the master code for transcription

c. Ribozymes and Spliceosomes (snRNA): forms a major part of the ribosome and participates in protein synthesis

d. Primer: primes DNA to begin replication; later removed and replaced with DNA from DNA polymerase 1

e. answers A and D are both correct

answers A and D are both correct

Which enzyme class can transfer a Hydrogen from one compound to another, and it has a function in the cell metabolic pathways where is catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

a. transferase

b. lyase

c. dehydrogenase

d. isomerase

dehydrogenase

Mr. E has arrived to your clinic saying that he thinks he broke his finger trying to field a line drive ball without a glove during his recreational softball league championship game. The area around his finger is red, swollen, warm to the touch, and he is not able to move it very well. However, Mr. E does not appear to be in any pain. You have observed all the clear signs of inflammation in this patient EXCEPT...

a. Rubor

b. Calor

c. Tumor

d. Dolor

e. Loss of Function

dolor

1. A loss of function mutation in the gene encoding for which of the following molecules would directly result in deficiencies in CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell activity?
1. MHC Class 1
2. MHC Class 2
3. Immunoglobulin A
4. Immunoglobulin M

1. MHC Class 1

1. A mother passes on antibodies to her child through breastfeeding. Which of the following best describes the type of immunity the mother passed on?
1. Natural and passive
2. Natural and active
3. Artificial and passive
4. Artificial and active

1. Natural and passive

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during infection?

A. Accumulation of pus inside lymph vessels

B. Rapid bacterial replication in the lymph node

C. Clonal expansion of lymphocytes in response to antigens

D. Blockage of lymph flow due to inflammatory edema

Clonal expansion of lymphocytes in response to antigens

A patient with a genetic mutation affecting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is prone to recurrent infections. What is the most likely explanation?

A. Their body cannot activate adaptive immunity

B. Their phagocytes fail to recognize common microbial structures

C. Their neutrophils cannot migrate to sites of infection

D. Their body overproduces anti-inflammatory cytokines

Their phagocytes fail to recognize common microbial structures