Prince D'Elboeuf and the King + Queen of Naples

Discovery and excavation of the Herculaneum in Pompeii in 1710 CE and 1748 CE respectively.

Pompeii

Destroyed in 79 CE when Mt. Vesuvius exploded. est 10,000 death toll over a 30 hour eruption.

Thomas Jefferson

Discovered and excavated the Burial Mounds (1743 - 1826 CE)

James Hutton

Theory of the Earth; Stratification of Rocks and uniformitarianism (1785)

Charles Lyell

Principles of Geology (1833)

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

Artifacts and extinct animal bones (1841)

Charles Darwin (Thomas Malthus)

Origin of Species: Natural selection (1859)

C.J Thomsen

Relative-Dating Three Age System: Stone, Bronze and Iron (1848)

Sir John Evans

Typology: The Like-with-like System (1860)

Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

Ethnography: Theory of evolving societies (1800s)
• Savagery, barbarism, civilization

Napolean

Discovery of the Rosetta Stone

Jean-Francois Champollion

Deciphered the Rosetta stone in 1822

Henry Layard

Found the Cuneiform texts in Mesopotamia (1800s)

Henry Rawlinson

Deciphered the Cuneiform texts in the 1850s

Henry Schliemann

Applied stratigraphy on Homer's Iliad to find Troy (1870-1880s)

General Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers

Exact locations of archaeological remains

Sir William Flinders Petrie

Sequence (seriation) dating using Egyptian pottery. The Father of Egyptian Archaeology.

Sir Mortimer Wheeler

Grid square method

Dorothy Garrod

Identified the Natufian culture of the Near East

Howard Carter

Discovered King Tutankhamen's tomb in the 1920s

Lewis and Mary Leakey

Hominid discoveries in Olduvai Gorge, East Africa

George Bass

– Underwater Archaeology
– Bronze Age shipwreck of the coast of Turkey
– Uluburun discovered by Mehmed Cakir, SW Turkey

William Rathje

– Garbage Project in Tucson, Arizona
– Urban Archaeology

Franz Boas

The direct historical approach (Classifactory)

Gordon Childe

– Assemblages linked to cultural groups
– Neolithic and Urban revolutions to explain change

Julian Steward

– Human / Environment interaction
– Cultural ecology: Cultural activities and change due to environment and environmental change

Gordon Willey

Applied Steward’s theory to the Viru Valley in Peru to study cultural change in the landscape, over 1500 years of occupation

Willard Libby

Radiocarbon dating and absolute dating (Archaeological Science)

Lewis Binford

Processual Archaeology

– Interpretation focus – Why question?
– Explain rather than describe
– Theories should be ‘testable’
– Key Concepts of New Archaeology

Ian Hodder and Michael Shanks

– Objectivity is unattainable
– Each archaeological project must be handled separately

Çatal Hüyük

A neolithic Segmentary (tribal) settlement from 7200 - 5400 BCE

Michael Schiffer

Formational Processes

Elman Service

Four Fold Classification system: Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State

StoneHenge

a structure that's part of a chiefdom society in England from 5000 BP

Moundbuilder Sites / Serpent Mound

A Structure that's part of a chiefdom society in Ohio from 5000 BP

Barrow at Tara

A Chiefdom society structure from Meath, Ireland, 5000BP

Easter Island

Statues from a Chiefdom society from 600-300 BP

Manitoba Red River Valley Farming Sites

Segmentary sites from Manitoba 600BP

Early European Farming Sites

Segmentary sites from across Europe 7000BP

Fincastle Site

A Band society site in Southern Alberta from 2500BP

Veldwevelt site

A Band society site in Belgium from 130,000BP

Lubbock Lake site

A Band Society site in Texas from 13,000BP

!Kung Bushman sites

Band Society sites in Southern Africa from varying times

Julian Steward

Cultural Ecology as part of the complete cultural system

Karl Butzer

Archaeology as Human Ecology