Cerebrum

Higher cognitive functions (thinking, memory, emotions, voluntary movement)

Brainstem

Basic life functions (breathing, heart rate, sleep cycles)

Cerebellum

Balance, coordination, and fine motor control

Pons

Relays messages between cerebrum and cerebellum; regulates breathing

Corpus Callosum

Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres for communication

Diencephalon

ensory and motor relay, hormone regulation (includes thalamus and hypothalamus)

Midbrain

Vision, hearing, motor control, alertness

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis (temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep)

LOBES

Frontal Lobe

• Primary functional systems: motor, motor planning, association areas
• Responsible for: attention, speech, personality, and motor

LOBES

Temporal

• Primary function systems: primary auditory sensory, secondary auditory sensory, association areas
• Responsible for: special senses (hearing), auditory processing, memory, receptive language
  • Primary auditory cortex // Secondary auditory cortex
  • anterior left temporal lobe (verbal info memory) // anterior right temporal lobe (retrieval of non-verbal memory)
  • Wernicke’s area (retrieving, processing, and comprehension/meaning of words)
  • Inferolateral temporal lobe: object recognition and visual memory
  • fusiform gyrus: facial recognition

LOBES

Occipital

• interpretation of visual information // processing visual information
• AREAS:
  • Primary visual cortex (perceptions of edges)
  • Ventral cortex (perceptions of shape, color, reading, face recognition, nonverbal pattern recognition)
  • Dorsal cortex (depth and motion perception, visual attention, visually guided reaching)

LOBES

Parietal

• Sensory detection, Perception
• touch, spatial awareness, sensory integration
• Key Functional Areas
  • Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
  • superior region // inferior region
  • Secondary Sensory

Insula

Closely related to limbic system

• Functions: interoception processing somatic, visceral,
  and taste sensations // emotional regulation // self-awareness
• Key Functional Areas
  • Posterior (interpretation of intensity of an experience
  • Mid (association area)
  • Anterior (interception // awareness internal state // visceral comfort and pain)

Cerebral Hemispheric Differences

Right Hemisphere

• Spatial relations
• Attention and awareness
• Understanding and remembering things we do and see
• Integrating information together to make an entire picture
• Contralateral motor planning (precentral gyrus), sensory processing (postcentral gyrus), visual processing
• Affective part of communications

Cerebral Hemispheric Differences

Left Hemisphere

• Numbers
• Logical comparisons
• Fact retrieval
• Analysis of information
• Contralateral motor planning (precentral gyrus), sensory processing (postcentral gyrus), visual processing
• Understanding and use of language (listening, reading, speaking and writing)

Cross section of spinal cord

spinothalamic tract

• sensory: pain, temperature, touch, pressure

Cross section of spinal cord

Lateral corticospinal tract

• MOTOR function (towards limbs)

Cross section of spinal cord

Dorsal columns

• DCML: sensory
  
  • proprioception and light touch

frontal lobe

precentral gyrus

• primary motor cortex,
  • responsible for initiating
  • controlling voluntary movements

the thalamus is a relay center for ___.

both motor and sensory nerves

a client comes in with thyroid problems and hormone imbalances.

what structure is impacted?

pituitary gland

a client had a stroke and they now have impaired reflexes and can't breathe on their own.

what structure is impacted?

brainstem

Your client says they are constantly hungry & thirsty.

what structure is impacted?

hypothalamus