He used light microscope to look at cork tree bark, described the "little boxes" called them cells.

Hooke

smallest unit that can carry out all the processes of life.

cell

He observed living cells in pond water; microscope maker

Leeuwenhoek

A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things; 3 parts

cell theory

organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 2 domain groups: Bacteria and Archaea; smaller; evolved first

prokaryotes

organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles; 1 domain group: Eukarya and 4 kingdoms; bigger; evolved later

eukaryotes

found in the cell, perform specific functions for the cell; cell parts

organelles

A group of similar tissues that perform the same function

organ

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

tissue

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

organ system

shines light through specimen, 2D image, low magnification up to 1000X

compound light microscope

shines electrons on surface of specimen, 3D image, high magnification up to 200,000X

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

shines beam of electrons through specimen, 2D image, highest magnification up to 50,000,000X

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

he suggested that all cells might come from pre-existing cells

Virchow

he suggested that all living things are made up of cells

Dutrochet

he found and named the nucleus of cells

Brown

he suggested that all plant tissue was made of cells, elaborated on nucleus' role in cell division

Schleiden

he suggested all animal tissue was made of cells

Schwann

limited to being small to maximize the outside surface yet minimize the space inside the cell

cell size

ratio that explains why cells are small

high surface area : low volume

experiment that showed the smallest cube of apple absorbed the most red food coloring (nutrients)

apple experiment demo

cell structure has to do with cell _________

function

this cell has a long and wirey structure bc its function is to transmit electric messages

nerve cell (neuron)

this cell has a blob shaped structure bc its function is to surround and engulf bloodstream invaders

white blood cell

this cell has a round and flat structure bc its function is to cover and protect the body

skin cell (epidermal)

3 main parts of ALL CELLS

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear area

she suggested the endosymbiotic theory

Margulis

suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own bacteria cells and are now embedded in a eukaryotic cell

endosymbiotic theory

3 evidences for the endosymbiotic theory

1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own double membrane 2. they divide on their own 3. they are shaped and small like bacteria cells 4. they have their own DNA

colonial organism that is thought to be the connection between uni and multicellular

Volvox

group of identical cells but with differentiation (different jobs), ex. Volvox

colonial organism

examples of unicellular protists

algae, amoeba

examples of multicellular protists

lichens, seaweed

multicellular protist that breaks down rocks and tree bark into soil, half fungus/half algae

lichens

types of bacteria that live in extreme places on Earth, like bottom of the oceans by the hydrothermal vents/the Dead Sea (salty)/glaciers...

Extremeophiles

type of bacteria that live at the top of the ocean that does photosynthesis and released the first oxygen into the atmosphere

cyanobacteria

3 parts of the cell theory

1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells come from the division of other cells

-First form came about 3.5 billion years ago (single-called)
-Life forms were single-celled prokaryote and living in water
-Single celled prokaryote evolved into single-celled eukaryote
-Single celled eukaryotes evolved into multi-celled eukaryotes
-Multi-celled aquatic life forms evolved into terrestrial life

evolution timeline

Eyepiece of a microscope; 10x

ocular lens

The lens on a light microscope that is closest to the stage; 10x (low), ~45x (high), ~100x (oil immersion)

objective lens

Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

body tube

Moves the stage up and down for focusing

coarse adjustment knob

Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image

fine adjustment knob

provides a magnification of 10x

low power objective

provides a magnification of ~40x

high power objective

objective lens x ocular lens

total magnification

provides a magnification of 4x

scanning power objective

provides a magnification of 100x (we don't really use)

oil immersion objective

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen; light condenser

Diaphragm

a small flat rectangular piece of glass on which specimens can be mounted for microscopic study

slide

name for the small plastic square that is used to cover a specimen in a wet mount

Cover slip

A slide preparation in which a specimen is covered in liquid

wet mount

describing how some organelles have membranes around them. ex.- Golgi, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus

membrane-bound organelles