Define work in a biological context.

The ability to do stuff (bring about change).

Define Aerobic respiration.

A process where organic molecules and oxygen are used to make ATP

What happens in the process of fermentation? (reactants and products)

Partial sugar degradation without the use of oxygen to regenerate NAD+

How many metabolic stages does cellular respiration have?

3. Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

What happens in a redox reaction?

partial or complete transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

What is NAD+ used for during organic molecule breakdowns?

To transfer electrons

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

To harvest energy from electrons in small, controlled steps and turn chemical energy into ATP

What is the chemical reaction of glycolysis and where does it occur?

Glucose (6C) becomes two pyruvate (3C) molecules

What is pyruvate oxidization and where does it occur?

Pyruvate oxidization is the process that turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and CO2 right before it enters the Krebs cycle. It occurs right as pyruvate enters the mitochondria from the cytosol

Why is the production of NADH and FADH₂ during the Krebs cycle important?

Because those molecules are needed in the following electron transport chain

Of Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain which produces the most ATP, roughly how much is that in a percent?

the electron transport chain with 90% of the ATP production

Oxidative phosphorylation produced how much ATP with one glucose molecule?

32 ATP

There are two kinds of phosphorylation. _________-__________ phosphorylation and ________________ phosphorylation.

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

What are cytochromes?

electron carriers with an iron atom

ATP synthase

Using a motor mechanism in the mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase is a process where H+ are pumped from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix

Define chemiosmosis

energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

proton-motive force

The H+ gradient that allows the capacity to do work

Alcohol fermentation turns ___________ into ethanol and releases _____ in the process

pyruvate, CO2

Lactic acid fermentation turns pyruvate into _________ with the help of NADH

lactose

Obligate anearobes do not require oxygen. What happens if they come into contact with it?

They die <3

Facultative anaerobes differ from Obligate anaerobes how?

The do not die in the presence of oxygen, they can make use of cellular respiration

What is the main input and output of beta oxidiztion?

Input: fatty acids

Output: acetyl CoA

____________ is when the body uses small molecules to build other substances

Biosynthesis