Exam 1
Non polar covalent bonds
bonded atoms are the same
H-H Cl-Cl S-S O=O
Polar covalent bonds
bonded atoms are different
H-Cl Na-Cl H-O-H O=C-O
Lewis dot structure vs Kekule structure
Lewis dot has dots and Kekule has lines
How many lone pairs does the following have:
Halogens
Oxygen
Nitrogen
3
2
1
Halogens
fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts)
linear
1 lone pair
180
sp2
trigonal-planar
0-1 line pair
120
sp3
tetrahedral
0-2 lone pairs
109.5
sp4
electronegativity trend and atomic size
decreases down, increases left
atomic size is opposite
Formal charge equation
# val - (#bonds + # lone pair)
Resonance definition
Describes delocalized electrons
Alkanes have bonds between what 2 atoms?
C-C
H-C
Alkane Formula
CnH2n+2
Naming alkanes
Prefix-Locant-Parent-Suffix
How many carbons in these structures:
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
2
3
4
5
6
7
A more stable molecule will have ____
lower kj/mol and is staggered
Primary carbons
bonded to 1 carbon
Secondary carbons
Bonded to 2 carbons and 2 H
Tertiary carbons
Bonded to 3 carbons
Quaternary carbon
Bonded to 4 carbons
Alcohol
R-OH
Amine
R-NH2
Acid
R-COOH
Ester
R-COOR
R not H
Nitride
R-C =- N
C triple bonded to N
Ether
R-O-R
R not H
Thiol
R-S-H
Amide
RONHR
Keytone
R-COHR
Akene
C=C
Constitutional isomer
Different connections
Stereoisomer
Same connections but different 3D shape
Strain energy ____ as ring size ____
decrease/increase
Longest/most energy molecule is ____
axial or equatorial?
equatorial
Chair position is ____ stable than boat
more
Strain total formula
Sangle + Stanhoral
Enantions
pair of nonsuperimposable structures
Nonsuperimposable molecule is
chiral
4 DIFFERENT sub atoms attatched to 1 C
chiral
Stereochem Rules:
Max stereoisomer formula
2n