Restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)

technique for sequencing DNA near specific restriction enzyme sites, rather than sequencing the whole genome.

genome-wide association study (GWAS)

surveys markers (points of variation) across the genome and highlights those markers for which variation seems to segregate with the phenotype of interest.

scaffold

Stretch of dna sequence

Synteny

refer to the location of one or more genes near each other (and often in the same order) on one chromosome, across two or more species.

Linkage disequilibrium

tendency of nearby, linked regions of DNA to be inherited together.

haplotype

block of genetic variants (usually single-nucleotide polymorphisms) that is inherited together

synthetic lethal alleles

single mutants are viable, but the double mutant dies

Penetrance

percentage of individuals with a given
genotype (allele) who show the associated phenotype. (variable phenotypic expression across individuals)

Expressivity

degree to which an individual with a given genotype (allele) shows the associated phenotype. Expressivity refers to the intensity of the phenotype. (variable phenotypic expression within individuals)