Jimmy does a study that reveals that students that sleep full 8 hours perform well in their
classes. So he says to his friend you sleep a full 8 hours therefore you must do well in
your classes. What type of reasoning is this ?

Deductive reasoining

.Fill in the blank. If I were to graph the data of hours slept vs taking insomnia medicine, the
number of hours each patient sleeps is the _____ variable and the taking the medicine is the
______ variable.

Dependent and Independent

Which of the following gives the weakest indication of life ?

Prescence of O, C N

Observation

Knowledge or information obtained about the
world via senses or scientific instruments

natural

Occurring in nature

Hypothesis

a possible explanation for an observation

theory

a hypothesis that has been tested many times and has never been disproven.

True or False. Inductive reasoning is taking a specific instance and applying it as a general
principle

True

The one factor that a scientist manipulates during an experiment..

independent variable

7. Ben makes five paper helicopters with different wing lengths. He drops them the
same way from a height of two meters for five trials each. He records the amount of
time it takes for each helicopter to fall to the ground. What is the dependent variable?

amount of time it takes the
helicopter to hit the floor

When graphing data in a bar graph (a.k.a. column graph), the independent variable is
presented on the ________ and the dependent variable is presented on the___?

x axis; y axis

The smallest basic unit of matter is the

atom

Which of the following is formed when an atom gains or loses electrons

ION

Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when they make

covalent bonds

Which of the following solutions has the highest H ion concentration

a solution with a pH of 1

Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during

. chemical reactions

The nucleus of an atom contains

A. protons and neutrons

. What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one
partner captures an electron from the other.

Water molecules stick to other water molecules because

Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules.

solution with a pH of 7 is

neutral

covalent bonds

form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms.

the attraction between two oppositely charged ions e.g Na+
and Cl-

ionic bond

polar covalent bonds

electrons are unequal shared

hydrogen bonds

potential enegry

staying place

kinetic energy

movement

Which of the following are not found in the nucleus of an atom?

electrons

The part of the atom containing a positive charge is the?

proton

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule

is an ion

carbohydrates are?

monosaccarides

provide energy to body

bread and potatoes

Proteins are?

Amino acids

help in metabolism

provide structure

suppot

eggs, and chicken

nucleic acids

neucleotides

make up DNA and RNA

dna and rna

Lipids

fatty acids

stores energy

fats and oils

Which of the following regarding the chemical bases are FALSE

Adenine pairs with Thymine in RNA

what are the three components of a neuclotide?

phosphate

sugar

nitrogen

how many covalent bonds can
Carbon form?

4

dehydration synthesis

takes water out

Hydrolysis

takes water in

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two monosaccharides?

Glycosidic

A ___________ consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

thyglycerol

hydrophilic polar

heads

attracts water

hydrophobic non polar

tails

do not attract water

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two amino acids?

a. Peptide

. What are three things that can cause denaturation in proteins?

increase in temp

ph

organic compounds

In DNA, the sugar is ___________ , in RNA the sugar is ______________.

Deoxyribose, ribose

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two nucleotides?

Phosphodiester

Adenine always pairs with __________ and they have ______ Hydrogen bonds
between them.

thymine, 2 H bonds

Cytosine always pairs with __________ and they have ______ Hydrogen bonds
between them.

guanine, 3 H bonds

The two DNA strands are _________ to each other.

Complementary

Antiparallel

DNA simila

DNA lacks a 2 prime OH

DNA ADENINE BINDS TO THYMINE

IN RNA ADENINE BINDS TO URACIL

THEY BOTH HAVE A SUGAR PHOSPHATE GROUP

THEY ARE FORM OF NEUCLOTIDES

HYDROXIL

O-H

O

/ /

--C

\

Carbonate group

carboxyl

O

||

/ \

R OH

amino acid group

H

/

---N

\

H

pHOSPHATE

Methyl

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are classes of

Macromolecules

These molecules are ___________, which means they contain carbon.

Organic

Subunits of these molecules are called _________ and are connected
together by strong__________ bonds.

covalent

The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of primary, secondary,
tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels.

Protein

You are studying a newly discovered species and want to analyze its genetic
information. What type of molecule would you analyze?

a) Nucleic Acid

Macromolecules

Function: provides energy

Structure: CH2O

Proteins

helps in metabolism

provide structure

support

Primary, Sec, Tertiary, quaternary

Nucleic acids

storage an expression of genetic information

DNA DOUBLE HELLIX

RNA Single

Lipids

stores energy signaling molecules

1 glycerol

2 fatty acids

Which part of an amino acid's basic structure gives it its unique functional
characteristics?

) R- Group

Select all of the following functions in which you would expect to find Lipids.

b) Energy Storage
c) Steroid Hormones
d) Cell Membranes
e) Cholesterol

Which part of the nucleotides' structure is responsible for the incredible variation
that exists amongst all types of organisms?

) Nitrogenous Base

Nucleus

Pro Cells Absent and Euka cells present

membrane

pro cells absent and euka present

cell wall

pro and euka present

ribosome

present in both euka and pro

Cytoskeleton

absent in pro and present in eukaryotic

Explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells using the endosymbiotic theor

The endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria chloroplasts in euka cells

were once a aerobic bacteria ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria

States facts about endosymbiotic theory

membrane double membrane bound

antibiotics suceptibility

division made of repication

ribosome

responsible for protein synthesis without ribosome, translation of mRNA INTO protein causes cellular growth stops

mitochondria

cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

Golgi aparatus

eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

lysosome if become non fuctional

organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

golgi IF NON FUCNTIONAL

PACKINGING AND TRANSPORT OF PROTEIN WILL NOT TAKE PLACE

VACUOLE IF NON FUNCTIONAL

CELL DEATH thru degradation

organells and nucleus included

smoth ER non functional

the cell will die

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?

) lysosome

Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

C) mitochondrion

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?

cilia and flagella

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of
the following molecules?

C) proteins

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the
cell?

A) rough ER

LIst 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane.

provides structural support

barrier

regulate exchange of materials

All prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.

TRUE

. ________ are the “highway” of the cytoskeleton.

MICROTUBULES

O HYDROPHYLIC HEADS

/ \ TAILS

phospholipID BILAYERS

A protein that is being made and processed for export from the cell follows which correct
sequence:

ER → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane

Adjacent cells can signal others by direct contact, while nearby cells that are not touching
can communicate by the release of __________ signals.

PARACRINE

The phospholipid of the plasma membrane
A. Is a lipid monolayer
B. Exposes hydrophobic heads outside
C. Is compound of a polar “head” and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains
D. has cross-connection between them.
E. Is permeable to polar molecules

. Is compound of a polar “head” and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains

42. Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration:
A. Osmosis
B. phagocytosis
C. Active transport
D. pinocytosis
E. Diffusio

DIFFUSION

OSMOSIS

thru semipermeable membrane

4. The process of taking in material in bulk to a cell

. Phagocytosis

45. Which of the following is not a part of the sodium-potassium pump?

D. ATP binds to the protein which becomes phosphorylated (ADP is released)

Phosphate facilitates potassium ion binding to transport protein.

A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is
reached

If you were a very thirsty cell, which process would you use to take in some nutrients
secreted by one of your neighbors?

B. pinocytosis

. A biological molecule that adds phosphates to other molecules is called a(n):

kinase

Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. Such
opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through bonds called

D. hydrogen bonds.

D. Second messengers

Some enzymatic receptors and most G protein-coupled receptors utilize other substances to
relay the message within the cytoplasm. These other substances are small molecules or ions
called

As a scientist you perform an experiment in which you create an artificial cell with a
selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. You put a 5M solution of
glucose into to see?

B. Water moves into the cell.

How are metabolic pathways controlled?

. Feedback inhibition.