Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see organisms in pond water, from mouth scrapings.

Built a simple microscope

Robert Hook

Built microscopes

First person to use the work "Cell" after observing cork under his microscope

Robert Brown

First person to observe and identify the nucleus of the cell

Schleiden and Schwann

Team of scientists that identified that plants and animals were all made up of cells.

Rudolph Virchow

His studies noted that all cells come from pre-existing cells

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic cells

small, simple cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles

DNA strands are loose and located in the nucleoid region floating in the cytoplasm

only bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

large, complex cells

have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

found in protists, fungi, plants and animals.

endosymbiont theory

• Prokaryotic cell was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Structures common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes

cell membrane

cytoplasm

ribosomes

cell membrane

composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins and cholesterolf

controls what goes in and out of the cell

Fluid Mosaic Model

Semi-permeable

Phospholipid

main structure of the cell membrane

has a polar head: hydrophillic

non polar tails : hydrophobic

Channel Protein

protein in cell membrane that allows charged molecules into/out of the cell

Receptor Protein

protein in the cell membrane responsible for communication between cells

Receives information and transmits message to cell

Marker protein

membrane protein that identifies that the cell belongs to that organism

Cell Wall

extra barrier of support and protection

Protects the cell from pressure (prevents bursting)

Plants: cellulose

Fungi: chitin

Bacteria: Peptidoglycan

Ribosomes

cell structures that manufacture proteins

Small and large subunits fit together to function

free ribosomes float in cytoplasm

attached ribosomes attached to RER

Cytoplasm

the jelly-like substance that makes up the bulk of the interior of a cell.

Holds the cell structures and aids in movement within the cell

Nucleus

control center in eukaryotic cells

houses the DNA, directs cell activities

has nuclear envelope with pores

nucleolus

located inside the nucleus

manufactures ribosomes

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

produces ATP through Cellular Respiration

has cristae (ruffled folds inside) that help in production of ATP

chloroplast

found in plants and algae

uses energy from the sun to build food for the plant (photosynthesis)

lysosome

membrane that encloses digestive enzymes

breaks up waste material in the cell

Golgi Body

flattened stack of membranes that modify and package proteins

produce lysosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

membrane network in cell that synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

membrane network that has attached ribosomes and manufactures proteins

centrioles

structures found in animal cells that help separate chromosomes during mitosis

cytoskeleton

framework in the cell made of microfilaments and microtubules

Helps give shape to the cell and aid in movement of materials

vacuole

storage sac in cells

animals have very few, small vacuoles

Plants typically have a large central vacuole holds water

amyloplast

organelle in plants that stores starch

cilia

tiny hair like projections on a cell that move materials around the cell

typically occur in large numbers

flagella (flagellum)

whip like structure that propels unicellular organisms

can be found in some prokaryotes and some eukaryotes

capsule

outer sticky layer on some prokaryotes that offers protection and helps them to adhere to surfaces

pili

structures on prokaryotes that help them to attach to surfaces or exchange genetic material

plasmid

extra circular piece of DNA (may contain genes for antibiotic resistance)

unicellular

composed of one cell

multicellular

composed of more than one cell