The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by

Bacterial chromosomal mutations
Synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure
Removing the drug from the cell when it enters
Alteration of drug receptors on cell targets

Removing the drug from the cell when it enters

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include

Bacterial chromosomal mutations
Synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure
Prevention of drug entry into the cell
Alteration of drug receptors on cell targets
All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat

Influenza A virus
HIV
Herpes zoster virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Hepatitis C virus

HIV

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

Blocks penetration
Blocks transcription and translation
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Blocks maturation
Bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Inhibits DNA synthesis

1. Commercial products containing which types of chemicals are more effective at killing microorganisms?
Bacteriostatic
Lead
Bacteriocidal
Carbohydrate
None of these are correct

Bacteriocidal

2.Using toilet bowl cleaner and nonionizing radiation to inanimate surfaces only removes or kills vegetative bacteria. The term that best describes this action is _________.
Disinfection
Sterilization
Antisepsis
Degermation
None of these are correct

Disinfection

3. Which of these metals have antimicrobial properties associated with them?
Silver
Gold
Aluminum
Tin
Both A and B are correct

Both A and B are correct

4.Which of the following types of agents targets protein conformation?
Alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide
Ultraviolet light
Detergents
Crystal violet

Alcohol

5.All of the following are correct about the autoclave, except _________.
Sterilization is achieved when steam condenses against the objects in the chamber and raises their temperatures
It is effective for sterilizing powders, oils, and waxy substances
It is the temperature that kills the microbes, not the pressure itself
The duration of the process depends on how full the chamber is
It is important not to overload the chamber

It is effective for sterilizing powders, oils, and waxy substances

6.Which common hospital pathogen is able to grow abundantly in soap dishes?
Salmonella
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Escherichia coli
Hemophilus influenza
Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas

7.Historically, which of the following was instilled into the eyes of newborn infants to prevent gonococcal infections?
Mercurochrome
Triclosan
Silver nitrate
Phenol
Formaldehyde

Silver nitrate

8.All of the following are methods of disinfection or sterilization, except _________.
Lyophilization
Gamma radiation
Ethanol
Dry oven
Triclosan

Lyophilization

9.All of the following are benefits of food irradiation, except _________.
It can inhibit the sprouting of white potatoes
It makes the food less nutritious
It can kill bacterial pathogens on the food
In can reduce the number of food-borne deaths each year
It can kill insects on the food

It makes the food less nutritious

10. All of the following are correct about food irradiation, except _________.
The World Health Organization does not endorse this process
No irradiated food can be sold without clear labeling
food is not made radioactive by the process
it is approved in the U.S. for beef, chicken, and pork
it can lead to a longer shelf life for the irradiated food

The World Health Organization does not endorse this process

11.Which of the following is officially accepted as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant?
Cresol
Glutaraldehyde
Silver nitrate
Benzalkonium chloride
Triclosan

Glutaraldehyde

12.Which of the following chemicals is a disinfectant for soft contact lenses?
Hypochlorite
Hydrogen peroxide
Hexachlorophene
Glutaraldehyde
Alcohol

Hydrogen peroxide

13.Which of the following is being used to replace hypochlorites in treating water because of the possibility of cancer-causing substances being produced?
Hydrogen peroxide
Chloramines
Sodium iodide
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Fluorine

Chloramines

14.The sterilizing gas used in a special chamber is _________.
Glutaraldehyde
Iodophor
Chlorine dioxide
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde

Ethylene oxide

15.Alcohols _________.
At 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids
Denature proteins when in a 50-95% solution
Are used to disinfect items by soaking
Are skin degerming agents
All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

16.Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacteria in a capped culture tube?
121oC at 15 psi for 15 minutes
Ultraviolet (germicidal) light
160oC for 2 hours
Gamma rays
All of the choices are correct

Ultraviolet (germicidal) light

17.The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are _________.
Protozoan cysts
Endospores
Vegetative bacteria and fungi
Mycobacterium and Staphylococcus
Naked viruses

Vegetative bacteria and fungi

18.HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from _________.
Human tissues
Liquids
Air
Medical instruments
All of the choices are correct

Air

19.Disinfection of beverages, such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by _________.
Pasteurization
Chlorination
Moist heat autoclave
Boiling water
Filtration

Pasteurization

20.The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the __________.
Sporicidal time
Death phase point
Thermal death point (TDP)
Thermal death time (TDT)
None of the choices are correct

Thermal death time (TDT)

21.Dry heat _________.
Is used in devices called autoclaves
Is less efficient than moist heat
Includes tyndallization
Cannot sterilize
Will sterilize at 121oC for 15 minutes

Is less efficient than moist heat

22.Sterilization is achieved by _________.
Flash pasteurization
Steam autoclave
Boiling water
Hot water
All of the choices are correct

Steam autoclave

23.Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is _________.
Sanitization
Degermation
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis

Degermation

24.The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is _________.
Sterilization
Degermation
Antisepsis
Sanitization
Disinfection

Antisepsis

25.Microbiological contaminants are best described as _________.
Vegetative microbes present on or in a substance
Any and all microbes present on or in a substance
Pathogenic microbes present on or in a substance
Unwanted microbes present on or in a substance
None of the choices are correct

Unwanted microbes present on or in a substance

26.Which of the following antimicrobials is contraindicated for children due to permanent tooth discoloration?
Penicillin G
Erythomycin
Gentamicin
Vancomycin
Tetracycline

Tetracycline

27.Which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs?
Kidneys
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Spleen

Liver

28.A nurse preparing a section of skin for an injection is an example of __________.
sanitization
disinfection
sterilization
degerming

disinfection

29.the eradication of all organisms including bacterial endospores and viruses (although not prions) in or on an object.

disinfection.

sanitization

sterilization

degerming

sterilization

30.the removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing

disinfection

sanitization

sterilization

degerming

degerming

31.The process of filtration is a(n) _______________.
antiseptic procedure
ineffective method for removing microbes
sterilizing method
disinfectant method
sanitization method

sterilizing method

32.Damage to the cell wall will adversely affect a bacterial cell by making it more susceptible to __________.
alcohols
radiation
osmotic pressure
high temperature

osmotic pressure

33.The process of filtration is a(n) _______________.
antiseptic procedure
ineffective method for removing microbes
sterilizing method
disinfectant method
sanitization method

sterilizing method

34-the process of disinfecting surfaces and utensils used by the public

disinfection

sanitization

sterilization

degerming

sanitization

35.the use of physical or chemical agents to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects

disinfection

sanitization

sterilization

degerming

disinfection

36.Which of the following is not a mode of action of an antiviral?
Inhibit DNA synthesis
Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane
Block transcription and translation
Block penetration
Block mutation

Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

37.There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because these organisms _________.
Do not cause many human infections
Are parasites found inside human cells
Are not affected by antimicrobics
Are so similar to human cells that selective drug toxicity is difficult to achieve
Have fewer target sites compared to bacteria

Are so similar to human cells that selective drug toxicity is difficult to achieve

38.Antibiotics are derived from all the following, except _________.
Staphylococcus
Bacillus
Streptomyces
Cephalosporium
Penicillium

Staphylococcus

39.Drug-resistant population of microbes arise when _________.
Resistant cells become numerous in a population due to their greater vigor
Exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells allowing overgrowth of resistant cells
Synergy between medications occurs
Exposure to drugs causes mutation that produce resistance
That patient becomes immune to the drug

Exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells allowing overgrowth of resistant cells

40.Bacterial DNA replication requires the enzyme gyrase, but eukaryotic replication does not. Ciprofloxacin (“Cipro”) inhibits gyrase activity. This is an example of _________.
Use of an analog
An antimetabolite
Synergism
Selective toxicity
Antimicrobial resistance

Selective toxicity

41.Synthetic antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are _________.
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Nucleic acid analogs
Antisense nucleic acids
Beta-lactams

Antisense nucleic acids

42.Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by _________.
Disrupting the formation of the mycolic acid layer of the cell wall
Preventing the formation of the alanine-alanine bridges
Preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits
Blocking the secretion of cell wall molecules from the cytoplasm
Prevent the formation of β-lactamases

Preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits

43.The CDC issued alerts about a bacterial strain known as NDM1 (New Delhi metalo-lactamase 1). What type of antibiotic resistance is indicated by the name?
Removal of the drug via a pump
Alteration of the target of the drug
Change in the permeability of the drug
Overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway
Inactivation of the drug

Inactivation of the drug

44.In the compound lamivudine, an –SH group replaces an –OH group found in cytosine. When used as a medication it will _________.
Disrupt lipid membrane structure
Disrupt membrane structure
Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis
Interfere with cell wall synthesis
Interfere with protein synthesis

Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

45.The first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infections _________
Was an attachment antagonist
Disrupted cytoplasmic membranes
Interfered with bacterial cell wall synthesis
Was a nucleotide analog
Was an antimetabolite

Was an attachment antagonist

46.Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?
They work faster
They are not readily absorbed, so they persist longer
They must be administered intravenously
They are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects
They have a broader spectrum of action

They have a broader spectrum of action

47.Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?
Bacterial cells
Virus-infected cells
Animal cells
Fungal cells
Both animal and fungal cells

Bacterial cells

48.An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?
Cells cannot attach to their hosts
The replication of cell, including cancer cells slows down.
Ribosomes lose their function
Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure
The sterols in the cell wall become nonfunctional

Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure

49Which mode of antibiotic activity is the most selective target for antibiotics since it will not affect eukaryotic cells?

Inhibition of transcription
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of translation

Inhibition of DNA replication

Injury to the plasma membrane

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

50.Which antibiotic pictured is not recommended for children due to possible discolorations of their teeth?

Penicillin
Amphotericin B
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol

Tetracycline

51.A chemical that kills gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is described as:

selectively toxic.
inhibitory.
broad spectrum.
narrow spectrum.

broad spectrum.

52.A drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis is:

antibacterial.
antifungal.
antiprotozoal.
antiviral.

antibacterial.

53.An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that
blocks penetration.
blocks transcription and translation.
inhibits DNA synthesis.
blocks maturation.
bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

inhibits DNA synthesis.

54.The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by
bacterial chromosomal mutations.
synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
removing the drug from the cell when it enters.
alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.

removing the drug from the cell when it enters.

55.Each of the following result in drug resistance except
drug pumped out of the cell.
drug used as a nutrient by the cell.
drug binding site altered.
drug inactivated.
drug blocked from entering cell.

drug used as a nutrient by the cell.

56.Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except
transposons.
R-plasmids.
conjugation.
mutation.

mutation.

57.Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as

prebiotics.

probiotics.
lantibiotics.
phytobiotics.

probiotics.

58.Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice?
20
10
1
0.1

20

59.Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include
low toxicity for human tissues.
high toxicity against microbial cells.
do not cause serious side effects in humans.
stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids.
All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

60.Selective toxicity refers to
damage to pathogenic organisms.
damage to prokaryotic cell membranes.
damage to the target organisms but not host cells.
damage to nucleic acids.

damage to the target organisms but not host cells.

61.Drugs that insert on the _____ ribosomal subunit prevent peptide bond formation or inhibit translocation of the subunit during translation.
30S
40S
50S

60S

50S

62. Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active
site, are called
inhibitors.
blockers.
competitive inhibitors.
noncompetitive inhibitors.

competitive inhibitors.

63.What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?
synercid
penicillinase
aztreonam
clavulanic acid

penicillinase

64.Antibiotics that disrupt bacterial ribosomes can also affect

eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit.

eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit.

ribosomal RNA.

eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes.

eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes.

65.Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active site, are called

______.

inhibitors

blockers

competitive inhibitors

noncompetitive inhibitors

competitive inhibitors

66-Which of the following is the third stage of a disease?

Period of convalescence
Incubation period
Period of decline
Prodromal period
Period of illness

Period of illness

67.Which of these disease stages is most likely to be altered in length if the number of infecting organisms at the start of the infection is very high?

Period of convalescence
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Incubation period
Period of decline

Incubation period

68.Microorganisms that typically colonize a host without causing disease are referred to as the __________.

pathogens
opportunistic pathogens
normal microbiota
transient microbes

normal microbiota

69. occurs when someone come into direct contact with the infectous lesion or infected body fluid.

direct transmission

70.involves the transfer organisms to a person through handling of contaminated instruments and then touching face, eyes, or mouth.

indirect transmission

71. spread of disease through moisture containing bacteria or virus.

ex: coughing through the air

droplet infection

72.What occurs during vehicle transmission?

Nonliving media transmit the pathogen

73.Vehicle Transmission, how does media transmit the pathogen?

Through contaminated water that is ingested, inhaling spores from dust, droplet nuclei of mucus, or eating contaminated food

74.What is a biological vector?

Active transmission that is purposeful and part of the microbes life cycle, such as, a bite.

75.Contact Transmission, What is the distance in which a droplet nuclei would travel to achieve the spread of disease?

Less than 1 meter

76. A disease which develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, like influenza

Acute

77. A disease which develops slowly, & the symptoms may be less severe but it is likely to continue or recur for periods with continuous shedding of the pathogen. likeGlandular fever, Hepatitis B

Chronic

78.The pathogen remains inactive for a time but may be re-activated under certain conditions. Herpes virus
(cold sores)

Latent

79. The infection produces an immune response without recognisable symptoms. Rubella (German measles)

Subclinical

80. "contagious" an INFECTIOUS disease that is readily transmitted from one individual to another..either directly or indirectly. infectious disease transmissible from one human to another (ex: gonorrhea)

communicable disease

81. What is a noncommunicable disease?

a disease that cannot spread and is not caused by a pathogen

82. - Primary infection:

initial infection that is later complicated by additional, secondary infections

83. Localized infection:

microbe remains in area of entrance (fungal skin infection or wart)

84 - Systemic infection:

microbe spreads to several sites, including blood (septicemia, bacteremia, viremia, toxemia)

85. Mixed infection (polymicrobial):

infection involves more than one microbe (wound infection, dental caries)

86. Secondary infection :

an infection that complicates the primary infection (HIV-primary → pneomonia-secondary)

87.The reservoir of infection for botulism and tetanus is
humans.
soil.
water.
animals.
soil AND water.

soil

88.The popular name for tetanus is
hydrophobia.
lockjaw.
whooping cough.
consumption.

lockjaw.

89.The exotoxin produced by C. tetani is
tetanoxin.
exotetanus.
tetanospasmin.
endospasmin.

tetanospasmin.

90.The disease that involves the muscles and often manifests itself first with spasms of the jaw muscles is
polio.
rabies.
tetanus.
gastritis.

tetanus.

91.Tetanus prevents the release of neurotransmitters from
muscle cells.
excitatory neurons.
inhibitory neurons.
tetano cells.

inhibitory neurons.

92. The normal habitat of Clostridium tetani is
humans.
animals.
plants.
soil and dust.

soil and dust.

93.Production of a neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal cord neurons responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction is a characteristic of
Clostridium botulinum.
Clostridium perfringens.
Clostridium difficile.
Clostridium tetani.

Clostridium tetani.

94.What does Polio invade?

the central nervous system producing from a subclinical or mild febrile illness to aseptic meningitis, muscle weakness, and paralysis.

95.What is polio caused by?

3 distinct types of Enteroviruses (poliovirus 1,2,3)

96.Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an organism that enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract?
leprosy
polio
infant botulism
adult listeriosis

leprosy