front 1 bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomonas | back 1 the three major causes of the most common gynecologic complaints: vaginal discharge, vaginal discomfort, and vaginal odor |
front 2 wet mount, amine of whiff test, KOH exam, and gram stain | back 2 the four direct microscopy tests to differentiate causes of gynecologic complaints |
front 3 cotton swabs | back 3 toxic to Neisseria gonorrheae |
front 4 wooden shafts | back 4 toxic to Chlamydia trachomatis |
front 5 Dacron swab | back 5 used for appropriate collection to obtain vaginal secretions to make sure that pathogen is not killed |
front 6 3.8-4.5 | back 6 usual pH of vaginal secretions |
front 7 4.5 | back 7 pH associated with bacterial vaginitis, trichomoniasis and atrophic vaginitis |
front 8 lactobacilli | back 8 absence associated with bacterial vaginosis |
front 9 wet mount | back 9 performed immediately to ensure detection of motile Trichomonas vaginalis |
front 10 10%KOH | back 10 used for amine or whiff test |
front 11 gram stain | back 11 performed to detect bacteria |
front 12 white blood cells | back 12 present in vaginal secretions in health, but higher during ovulation and menses |
front 13 red blood cells | back 13 not usually present unless during menses |
front 14 large lactobacilli rods | back 14 account for 50-90% of microbes of healthy vagina; nonmotile, gram-positive that produce large amounts of lactic acid; responsible for acidic environment |
front 15 yeast | back 15 visualized with KOH prep in order to lyse RBCs; seen on gram stain as gram positive organism |
front 16 blastoconidium | back 16 yeast that can be present in normal vaginal secretions |
front 17 candidiasis | back 17 indicated with increased (1+ or greater) of yeast or presence of hyphae or pseudohyphae |
front 18 epithelial cells | back 18 predominant cell type in wet mounts of healthy vagina |
front 19 clue cells | back 19 formed when numerous bacteria adhere to membranes of epithelial cells; most diagnostic indicator of bacterial vaginosis |
front 20 75% | back 20 percentage of cell surface covered with bacteria for it to be called a clue cell; bacteria must also extend beyond cell's cytoplasmic borders |
front 21 parabasal cells | back 21 not present in normal vaginal samples; increased in menses or postmenopausal period; seen in atrophic vaginitis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis; oval to round with small NC ratio (1:1-2) 15-40um |
front 22 basal cells | back 22 abnormal if seen in wet mount; accompanied by numerous WBCs; seen in desquamative inflammatory vaginitis |
front 23 trichomonads | back 23 flagellated protozoans that infect and cause inflammation of vaginal epithelium |
front 24 trichomonas vaginalis | back 24 has an optimal growth at 6.0 pH and prefers anaerobic environment; identified by jerky movement due to four anterior flagella and undulating membrane; nonmotile or dead resemble WBCs |
front 25 KOH | back 25 digests cellular elements in order to visualize fungal elements |
front 26 trimethylamine | back 26 released from polyamines when pH changes due to KOH produced in bacterial vaginosis in whiff test |
front 27 bacterial vaginosis | back 27 most common cause of vaginal infection due to alteration in normal bacterial flora |
front 28 Gardnerella vaginallis | back 28 overgrowth along with a facultative anaerobe and replaces lactobacilli leading bacterial vaginosis, most common cause of vaginal infection: foul discharge, presence of clue cells; pH usually greater than 4.5 |
front 29 Candidiasis (albicans) | back 29 second most common cause of vaginitis; part of normal flora, but overgrowth causes pH and normal flora changes; curdlike discharge; revealed through wet mount and KOH; normal pH and amine test negative |
front 30 trichomoniasis | back 30 most common parasitic gynecologic infection; transmitted sexually, humans are only host; pH 5-6; numerous clumped WBCs, mixed bacterial flora, positive whiff; DNA probe |
front 31 atrophic vaginitis | back 31 thinning of vaginal epithelium and decrease in glycogen production resulting in dryness, soreness, and spotting; pH greater than 5; treated with estrogen |
front 32 fetal fibronectin (fFN) | back 32 test performed to identify possibility of preterm delivery |
front 33 50ng/mL of fFN | back 33 diagnostic of higher risk of preterm labor |
front 34 placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) | back 34 test performed to identify pregnant women for premature rupture of fetal membranes; increased amount indicates increased risk |