front 1 serous membrane | back 1 covers lungs, heart, and abdominal organs (visceral membrane) and internal surfaces of body cavity wall (parietal membrane) |
front 2 pleural | back 2 fluid of the lungs |
front 3 pericardial | back 3 fluid of the heart |
front 4 peritoneal | back 4 fluid of the abdominal organs |
front 5 mesothelial cells | back 5 single layer covering the thin layer of connective tissue lining the cavities |
front 6 permeability, hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, and absorption by lymphatic system | back 6 four factors that control formation and absorption of fluid |
front 7 oncotic pressure | back 7 colloid osmotic pressure that opposes ultrafiltration |
front 8 hydrostatic pressure | back 8 forces plasma ultrafiltrate to form in cavity |
front 9 permeability of capillary endothelium | back 9 regulates rate of ultrafiltrate formation and its protein composition; increase causes increased movement of protein |
front 10 protein-rich fluid | back 10 causes further movement of fluid into cavity |
front 11 effusion | back 11 accumulation of fluid in a body cavity indicating an abnormal or pathologic process |
front 12 paracentesis | back 12 percutaneous puncture of a body cavity for aspiration of fluid |
front 13 thoracentesis | back 13 to obtain pleural fluid |
front 14 pericardiocentesis | back 14 for pericardial fluid |
front 15 peritoneocentesis (abdominal paracentesis) | back 15 for peritoneal fluid |
front 16 ascites | back 16 an effusion in peritoneal cavity |
front 17 ascitic fluid | back 17 same as peritoneal fluid |
front 18 blood sample | back 18 collected for comparison purposes against body fluid |
front 19 transudate | back 19 results from systemic disease that causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure; noninflammatory; pleural and peritoneal |
front 20 exudate | back 20 results from inflammatory processes that increase permeability of capillary endothelium or a decrease in absorption by lymphatic system; infections, neoplasm, trauma, inflammatory; pleural and peritoneal |
front 21 transudates | back 21 clear, pale yellow; viscosity similar to serum; do not clot |
front 22 exudates | back 22 usually cloudy; various colors: yellow, green, or pink to red, may have shimmer or sheen; can form clots |
front 23 cloudy paracentesis fluid | back 23 large numbers of white blood cells, other cells, chyle, and/or lipids; milky after centrifugation indicates chyle |
front 24 chylous effusions | back 24 caused by obstruction or damage to lymphatic system |
front 25 pseudochylous effusions | back 25 chronic effusions can be differentiated by lipid content |
front 26 chylous | back 26 high triglycerides and chylomicrons present |
front 27 pseudochylous | back 27 low triglycerides and no chylomicrons |
front 28 traumatic taps | back 28 RBC's decrease later in collection; small clots may form |
front 29 hemorrhagic effusion | back 29 blood homogeneously distributed; no clotting |
front 30 neutrophils | back 30 predominate in most exudates of pleural and peritoneal fluid |
front 31 lymphocytes | back 31 predominate in pleural effusions from TB, neoplasms, and systemic diseases |
front 32 congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome | back 32 conditions that cause increase in hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure of pleural and peritoneal transudates |
front 33 infection, tumors, systemic disease (SLE and RA), and GI disease | back 33 conditions that cause increased capillary permeability in pleural and peritoneal exudates |
front 34 tumors, neoplasms, and trauma or surgery | back 34 conditions that cause decreased lymphatic absorption in pleural and peritoneal exudates |
front 35 infections, cardiovascular disease, tumors/neoplasms, hemorrhage, and systemic disease (RA SLE) | back 35 conditions that cause increased capillary permeability due to changes in parietal membrane of pericardial fluid not categorized as transudates or exudates |
front 36 chemistry tets | back 36 assist in differentiating fluid as transudate or exudate, which aids in establishing cause of fluid accumulation |
front 37 total protein, pH, LD, CEA, glucose, lipids, and amylase | back 37 possible chemistry tests of body fluids |
front 38 less than 0.5 | back 38 fluid/serum protein ratio of transudate |
front 39 greater than 0.5 | back 39 fluid/serum protein ratio of exudate |
front 40 less than 0.6 | back 40 fluid/serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio of transudate |
front 41 greater than 0.6 | back 41 fluid/serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio of exudate |
front 42 glucose | back 42 only low-fluid amount is significant |
front 43 amylase | back 43 high pleural or peritoneal fluid amylase associates with pancreatitis, esophageal rupture, gastric duodenal perforation, and metastatic disease |
front 44 lipids | back 44 use to identify chylous effusions |
front 45 pH | back 45 abnormally low helps identify pleural exudates caused by pneumonia or lung abscess |
front 46 carcinoembryonic antigen | back 46 a tumor marker |