front 1 tissue | back 1 Groups of cells (and the substance surrounding them) that usually arise from common ancestor cells and work together to perform a particular function comprise a _______________. |
front 2 kidneys | back 2 Renal physiology is the study of the function of the _______________. |
front 3 catabolism | back 3 The chemical reactions that break down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones are referred to as _______________. |
front 4 responsiveness | back 4 _______________ is the ability of an organism to detect and react to changes in the external or internal environment. |
front 5 homeostasis | back 5 _______________ is a condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. |
front 6 stress | back 6 Any disturbance in homeostasis is referred to as _______________. |
front 7 hormones | back 7 The chemicals produced by the endocrine system that help regulate homeostasis are called _______________. |
front 8 effector | back 8 In a feedback loop, the control center provides output to and elicits a response from a(n) _______________. |
front 9 decrease | back 9 The stimulus (stress) in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If this feedback loop is a negative feedback loop, then the effector will cause the blood sugar to _______________. |
front 10 increase | back 10 The stimulus (stress) in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If this is positive feedback loop, then the effector will cause blood sugar to _______________. |
front 11 ipsilateral | back 11 The anatomical term that means "on the same side of the body" is _______________. |
front 12 pericardium | back 12 The serous membrane associated with the heart is the _______________. |
front 13 anatomical | back 13 Description of any region of the body by means of directional terms and body planes assumes that the body is in _______________ position. |
front 14 inferior | back 14 The anatomical term that means "away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure" is _______________. |
front 15 endocrine | back 15 The _______________ system is composed of a series of glands that secrete hormones. |
front 16 effector | back 16 A feedback system consists of three basic components: a control center, a receptor, and a(n) _______________. |
front 17 organelles | back 17 Specialized structures within a cell that function in the overall cell's anatomy and physiology are known as _______________. |
front 18 anatomy | back 18 The study of structure and the relationships between structures is _______________. |
front 19 physiology | back 19 The study of the function of body parts is _______________. |
front 20 cell | back 20 The basic structural and functional unit of an organism is the _______________. |
front 21 organs | back 21 _______________ are structures that are composed of two or more different tissues, have specific functions, and usually have recognizable shapes. |
front 22 system | back 22 The level of structural organization of the body consisting of several related organs that have a common function is the _______________. |
front 23 cytology | back 23 The microscopic study of the structure of cells is _______________. |
front 24 histology | back 24 The microscopic study of the structure of tissues is _______________. |
front 25 sagittal section | back 25 A plane or section that divides an organ such that you would be looking at a medial surface of a section of that organ would be a _______________. |
front 26 nervous | back 26 Homeostasis is regulated by the endocrine system and the _______________ system. |
front 27 receptor | back 27 The component of a feedback loop that senses changes in the environment and notifies the control center of the changes is called the _______________. |
front 28 distal | back 28 The wrist is _______________ to the elbow. |
front 29 inferior | back 29 The intestines are _______________ to the heart. |
front 30 deep | back 30 The muscles are _______________ to the skin. |
front 31 sodium | back 31 The most plentiful extracellular cation is _______________. |
front 32 matter | back 32 Anything living or nonliving that occupies space and has mass is known as _______________. |
front 33 isotopes | back 33 Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons are called _______________. |
front 34 compound | back 34 A substance that can be chemically broken down into two or more different elements is a _______________. |
front 35 peptide bond | back 35 The covalent bond that forms between a pair of amino acids is called a _______________. |
front 36 catalysts | back 36 Substances that can speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves are known as _______________. |
front 37 adenine and guanine | back 37 The two purines found in DNA nucleotides are _______________. |
front 38 amino acids | back 38 The complete hydrolysis of proteins would yield _______________. |
front 39 DNA | back 39 The term double helix describes the structure of _______________. |
front 40 phospholipids | back 40 The major lipid component of cell membranes is _______________. |
front 41 steroids | back 41 Cholesterol, bile salts, and sex hormones are all examples of a class of lipids known as _______________. |
front 42 7.45 | back 42 Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between 7.35 and _______________. |
front 43 reduced | back 43 A molecule that gains hydrogen atoms during chemical reactions in the body is said to be _______________. |
front 44 activation energy | back 44 The collision energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur is called the _______________. |
front 45 temperature | back 45 The two factors that most influence the chance that a collision will occur between atoms are the concentration and the _______________. |
front 46 cation | back 46 A positively charged ion is called a _______________. |
front 47 water | back 47 The most abundant inorganic compound in the human body is _______________. |
front 48 covalent | back 48 Organic compounds are held together mostly or entirely by _______________ bonds. |
front 49 solute | back 49 In a solution, the substance that is dissolved is the _______________. |
front 50 dehydration synthesis | back 50 In the formation of macromolecules, monomers are joined together by a reaction called a _______________, which involves the elimination of a water molecule from the reactants. |
front 51 hydrolysis | back 51 Macromolecules are broken down into monomers by the addition of water in a reaction known as _______________. |
front 52 carbohydrates | back 52 Sugars and starches are examples of _______________. |
front 53 energy | back 53 The principal function of carbohydrates is to provide _______________. |
front 54 water-fearing | back 54 Lipids are said to be hydrophobic, which means that they are _______________. |
front 55 glycerol | back 55 Triglycerides are made up of fatty acids and _______________. |
front 56 polyunsaturated | back 56 Fats whose fatty acids contain multiple double bonds between their carbon atoms are said to be _______________. |
front 57 eicosanoids | back 57 Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are examples of a class of lipids known as _______________. |
front 58 enzymes | back 58 Catalytic proteins are called _______________. |
front 59 tertiary | back 59 The biological function of a protein is determined by its _______________ structure. |
front 60 turnover number | back 60 The number of substrate molecules converted to product per enzyme molecule in one second is called the _______________. |
front 61 hypertonic | back 61 If Solution A has more solutes and less water than Solution B, then Solution A is considered to be _______________ to Solution B. |
front 62 gene | back 62 A group of nucleotides on a DNA molecule whose purpose is to serve as the "directions" for manufacturing a specific protein is a _______________. |
front 63 mitosis | back 63 Distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei is known as _______________. |
front 64 cleavage furrow | back 64 Cytokinesis begins with formation of a _______________. |
front 65 fertilization | back 65 The union and fusion of gametes is called _______________. |
front 66 homologous | back 66 In a diploid cell, the two chromosomes that belong to a pair are called _______________ chromosomes. |
front 67 meiosis | back 67 Chromosome number does not double with each generation of cell division because of a special nuclear division called _______________. |
front 68 spermatogenesis | back 68 The process of formation of haploid sperm cells in the male testes is known as _______________. |
front 69 oogenesis | back 69 The process of formation of haploid ova in the female ovaries is known as _______________. |
front 70 synapsis | back 70 The homologous pairing of chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis is known as _______________. |
front 71 polar bodies | back 71 The haploid cells in the female that do not function as gametes are known as _______________. |
front 72 cell plasma membrane | back 72 The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the _______________. |
front 73 inclusions | back 73 Temporary structures in the cytoplasm that contain secretions and storage products of the cell are known as _______________. |
front 74 hydrophilic head | back 74 The part of a phospholipid molecule that lines up facing the intracellular and extracellular fluids is the _______________. |
front 75 membrane potential | back 75 As a result of the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, a voltage called the _______________ exists. |
front 76 selective permeability | back 76 The property of a cell membrane that permits passage of certain substances and restricts passage of others is known as _______________. |
front 77 equilibrium | back 77 If two solutions have different concentrations and they are separated by a membrane that is permeable to the solute, then there will be net movement of solute molecules until _______________ is reached. |
front 78 osmosis | back 78 The net movement of water across a selectively membrane by passive means is known as _______________. |
front 79 isotonic | back 79 There is no net movement of water molecules across a membrane separating solutions that are _______________ to each other. |
front 80 crenation | back 80 Red blood cells with in intracellular concentration of 0.9% NaCl will undergo _______________ when they are placed in a solution of 5% NaCl. |
front 81 facilitated diffusion | back 81 A type of passive transport across a cell membrane that requires special transporters (carriers) is _______________. |
front 82 pinocytosis | back 82 Droplets of extracellular fluid flow into vesicles during the process of _______________. |
front 83 exocytosis | back 83 Export of substance from the cell in which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid is known as _______________. |
front 84 colloids | back 84 Large organic compounds, such as proteins and glycogen, that remain suspended in the cytoplasm, rather than dissolved, are known as _______________. |
front 85 histones | back 85 The proteins around which DNA wraps in a chromatin fiber are called _______________. |
front 86 lysosomes | back 86 Organelles that are membrane-enclosed vesicles filled with digestive enzymes are _______________. |
front 87 cytoskeleton | back 87 Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments comprise the _______________. |
front 88 introns | back 88 Regions within DNA strands that do not code for synthesis of part of a protein are called _______________. |
front 89 codons | back 89 Each set of three consecutive nucleotide bases on messenger RNA that specifies one amino acid is called a _______________. |
front 90 cytokinesis | back 90 Division of a parent cell's cytoplasm and organelles is called _______________. |
front 91 protection | back 91 The primary function of stratified squamous epithelium is _______________. |
front 92 endothelium | back 92 Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and forms the walls of capillaries is known as _______________. |
front 93 Exocrine | back 93 _______________ glands secrete their products into ducts. |
front 94 cartilage | back 94 A connective tissue that is avascular is _______________. |
front 95 hormones | back 95 The secretions from endocrine glands are called _______________. |
front 96 fetus | back 96 Mucous connective tissue is found primarily in the _______________. |
front 97 chondrocytes | back 97 The cells of mature cartilage are called _______________. |
front 98 hyaline cartilage | back 98 The most abundant type of cartilage in the human body is _______________. |
front 99 Appositional | back 99 _______________ growth of cartilage continues throughout life. |
front 100 lamina propria | back 100 The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is called the _______________. |
front 101 serous membrane | back 101 The type of membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior is a _______________. |
front 102 peritoneum | back 102 The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs is called the _______________. |
front 103 Axons | back 103 _______________ conduct nerve impulses away from the cell bodies of neurons. |
front 104 mast cell | back 104 The type of cell in areolar connective tissue that produces histamine and heparin is the _______________. |
front 105 osseous tissue | back 105 The type of tissue whose matrix normally contains large amounts of calcium salts is _______________. |
front 106 microvilli | back 106 The surface area of the apical surfaces of epithelial cell membranes is increased by the presence of _______________. |
front 107 mucus | back 107 Goblet cells produce _______________. |
front 108 hyaline | back 108 The "gristle" covering the ends of bones at joints is _______________ cartilage. |
front 109 fibrocartilage | back 109 Intervertrbral discs and the menisci of the knees are made of _______________. |
front 110 gap junctions | back 110 Electrical or chemical signals can pass from cell to cell via connections known as _______________. |
front 111 pseudostratified epithelium | back 111 The type of epithelium in which the cells may or may not reach the surface, and whose nuclei may lie at different levels giving the appearance of multiple layers is _______________. |
front 112 stratified squamous | back 112 Keratin may be present in _______________ epithelium. |
front 113 holocrine | back 113 Glands in which secretory cells die as their product is discharged are _______________ glands. |
front 114 -blast | back 114 The immature cells of each major type of connective tissue have names that end in the suffix _______________. |
front 115 ground substance | back 115 The fibers of the connective tissue matrix are embedded in the amorphous _______________. |
front 116 stroma | back 116 The reticular connective tissue that forms the supporting framework for many soft organs is known as the _______________. |
front 117 osteon | back 117 The basic unit of compact bone is the _______________. |
front 118 skeletal muscle tissue | back 118 A type of tissue that is described as being striated and voluntary is _______________. |
front 119 smooth muscle tissue | back 119 Propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract and contraction of the urinary bladder are functions of _______________. |
front 120 neurons | back 120 Cells that are the structural and functional units of the nervous system are called _______________. |
front 121 D | back 121 Individuals who do not get enough exposure to sunlight or who do not consume enough fortified milk may develop a deficiency of vitamin _______________. |
front 122 melanin | back 122 The red-brown-black pigment in skin that absorbs UV light is _______________. |
front 123 tyrosinase | back 123 Most people who have albinism possess melanocytes, but lack the enzyme _______________. |
front 124 reticular region | back 124 The deeper region of the dermis is the _______________. |
front 125 apocrine sweat glands | back 125 Sweat glands found primarily in the skin of the axillae, pubic region, and areolae of the nipples are the _______________. |
front 126 malignant melanoma | back 126 The most prevalent life-threatening cancer in young women is _______________. |
front 127 stratum basale | back 127 The single layer of continually reproducing cells in the epidermis is called the _______________. |
front 128 stratum corneum | back 128 The most superficial layer of cells in the epidermis is called the _______________. |
front 129 keratin | back 129 The protein in the outer layer of the epidermis that provides protection against mechanical injury, bacterial invasion, and dehydration is _______________. |
front 130 papillary region of the dermis | back 130 The region of the skin that is just deep to the stratum basale of the epidermis and that contains loops of capillaries is the _______________. |
front 131 subcutaneous layer | back 131 The reticular region of the dermis is attached to underlying organs by the _______________. |
front 132 lamellated corpuscles | back 132 The subcutaneous layer contains pressure-sensitive nerve endings known as _______________. |
front 133 albinism | back 133 Inability to synthesize the enzyme tyrosinase results in a condition known as _______________. |
front 134 jaundice | back 134 A yellowed appearance of skin and the whites of the eyes due to buildup of bilirubin resulting from liver disease is called _______________. |
front 135 erythema | back 135 Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow in known as _______________. |
front 136 dermal papillae | back 136 Epidermal ridges conform to the contours of the underlying _______________. |
front 137 epidermis | back 137 Hair, nails, and skin glands develop from the embryonic _______________. |
front 138 sex hormones | back 138 The adult pattern of hair grown is determined by _______________. |
front 139 sudoriferous glands | back 139 Mammary glands and ceruminous glands are modified _______________. |
front 140 sebum | back 140 Blackheads develop from chemical oxidation of accumulated _______________. |
front 141 sweat | back 141 The secretion from skin that plays a small role in the elimination of wastes is _______________. |
front 142 contact inhibition | back 142 The characteristic of epidermal cells that causes them to stop migrating during wound healing once they are touching other epidermal cells on all sides is called _______________. |
front 143 fibrosis | back 143 The process of scar tissue formation is called _______________. |
front 144 constrict | back 144 When body temperature begins to fall, to prevent further heat loss blood vessels in the skin will _______________. |
front 145 sudoriferous glands; blood vessels | back 145 In the negative feedback loop in which the integumentary system helps regulate body temperature, the effectors are the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 146 Langerhans cells | back 146 Cells in the epidermis that work with helper T cells to provide immunity are the _______________. |
front 147 inflammatory | back 147 Formation of a blood clot, vasodilation of blood vessels, and increased permeability of blood vessels for delivery of phagocytes and mesenchyme cells is characteristic of the _______________ phase of deep wound healing. |
front 148 migratory | back 148 Filling of a wound with granulation tissue is characteristic of the _______________ phase of deep would healing. |
front 149 eccrine sweat gland | back 149 The more common type of sweat gland is the _______________. |
front 150 stratified squamous epithelium | back 150 The type of tissue that forms the epidermis is _______________. |
front 151 osteology | back 151 The study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders is known as _______________. |
front 152 osteogenic | back 152 The inner layer of the periosteum is called the _______________ layer. |
front 153 endosteum | back 153 The membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone is called the _______________. |
front 154 osteocytes | back 154 Mature bone cells that are completely surrounded by matrix are called _______________. |
front 155 collagen | back 155 Bones are less brittle than other calcium-based products, such as oyster shells and egg shells, because they contain more of the protein _______________. |
front 156 canaliculi | back 156 The channels in osteons that connect lacunae with central canals are called _______________. |
front 157 interstitial | back 157 Areas between osteons are filled in with _______________ lamellae. |
front 158 periosteum | back 158 In intramembranous ossification, the highly vascularized mesenchyme on the outside of the new bone develops into the _______________. |
front 159 adipose cells | back 159 Yellow bone marrow consists primarily of _______________. |
front 160 articular cartilage | back 160 The part of a long bone that is not covered by periosteum is covered by _______________. |
front 161 osteoclasts | back 161 Cells whose primary function is bone resorption are the _______________. |
front 162 mineral salts | back 162 About 50% of bone matrix consists of _______________. |
front 163 compact | back 163 The external layer of all bones and the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones is made up of _______________ bone. |
front 164 central canals | back 164 Blood vessels run longitudinally through compact bone in _______________. |
front 165 trabeculae | back 165 Thin plates of bone in spongy bone are called _______________. |
front 166 nutrient | back 166 The artery to the diaphysis of a long bone is called the _______________ artery. |
front 167 intramembranous | back 167 The flat bonds of the skull form by _______________ ossification. |
front 168 hyaline cartilage | back 168 In endochondral ossification, the embryonic pattern for the bone is made of _______________. |
front 169 chondroblasts | back 169 Cells responsible for cartilage formation are called _______________. |
front 170 diaphysis | back 170 During endochondral ossification of a long bone, the primary ossification center forms in the _______________. |
front 171 epiphyseal plate | back 171 A long bone increases in length due to the activity of cartilage cells at the _______________. |
front 172 anterior pituitary gland | back 172 Human growth hormone is produced by the _______________. |
front 173 mechanical stress | back 173 Bone constantly remodels and redistributes matrix along lines of _______________. |
front 174 insulin-like growth hormones | back 174 Hormones that are produced locally by bone and also by the liver that stimulate the uptake of amino acids and promote proteins synthesis are _______________. |
front 175 parathyroid hormone | back 175 Levels of calcium ions in the blood are increased by the effects of the hormone _______________. |
front 176 fracture hematoma | back 176 The blood clot that forms in and around the site of a bone fracture is called a _______________. |
front 177 comminuted | back 177 A fracture in which the bone has splintered at the site of impact, leaving smaller fragments between the two main fragments is called a _______________ fracture. |
front 178 gene for PTH within the parathyroid gland | back 178 In the negative feedback loop that controls the release of parathyroid hormone, the control center is the _______________. |
front 179 calcitonin | back 179 A hormone that inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and promotes deposition of calcium ions into bones is _______________. |
front 180 osteomyelitis | back 180 Inflammation of the bone marrow, caused by a pathogenic microorganism, is called _______________. |
front 181 sphenoid | back 181 The optic foramina are found in the _______________ bone. |
front 182 manubrium | back 182 The superior portion of the sternum is called the _______________. |
front 183 80, 126 | back 183 There are _______________ bones in the axial division of the skeleton system, and _______________ bones in the appendicular division |
front 184 suture | back 184 An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a _______________. |
front 185 sagittal | back 185 The suture located between the two parietal bones is the _______________ suture. |
front 186 lambdoid | back 186 The suture located between the parietal bones and the occipital bone is the _______________ suture. |
front 187 palatine plate; horizontal plate | back 187 The hard palate is formed by the _______________ of the maxillae and the _______________ of the palatine bones. |
front 188 alveoli | back 188 The tooth sockets are called _______________. |
front 189 atlas | back 189 The first cervical vertebra is called the _______________. |
front 190 intervertebral foramina | back 190 Spinal nerves pass through openings between the vertebrae called _______________. |
front 191 dens; axis | back 191 The atlas and head rotate around the _______________ of the _______________. |
front 192 heads of the ribs | back 192 The facets and demifacets on the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are sites of articulation with the _______________. |
front 193 manubrium; body of sternum | back 193 The sternal angle is formed by the junction of the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 194 vertebrochondral | back 194 Ribs that attach anteriorly to the cartilage of other ribs are reffered to as false ribs, or _______________ ribs. |
front 195 nucleus pulposus | back 195 An intervertebral disc consists of the outer fibrous and the inner elastic structure called the _______________. |
front 196 cervical | back 196 When an infant begins to hold its head up, its vertebral column begins to develop a _______________ curve. |
front 197 petrous portion | back 197 The structures involved in hearing and equilibrium are housed in the _______________ of the temporal bone. |
front 198 occipital | back 198 The foramen magnum is a large hole in the _______________ bone. |
front 199 pituitary | back 199 The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone provides protection for the _______________ gland. |
front 200 cribiform plate | back 200 The olfactory foramina are located in the _______________ of the ethmoid bone. |
front 201 nasal bones | back 201 The bony part of the bridge of the nose is formed by the _______________. |
front 202 mandible; maxillae | back 202 Alveolar processes are seen on two facial bones, the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 203 mental | back 203 Two foramina in the mandible that are important sites for injection of dental anesthetics are the mandibular foramen and the _______________ foramen. |
front 204 vomer | back 204 A triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum is the _______________. |
front 205 hyoid | back 205 A bone located between the mandible and the larynx is the _______________ bone. |
front 206 7; 12; 5; 5; 4 | back 206 The adult vertebral column consists of _______________ cervical vertebrae, _______________ thoracic vertebrae, _______________ lumbar vertebrae, _______________ sacral vertebrae fused into one, and _______________ coccygeal vertebrae fused into one or two bones. |
front 207 thoracic; sacral | back 207 The anteriorly concave curves of the vertebral column are the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 208 pedicles | back 208 The two short, thick processes between the body and the laminae of a vertebra are the _______________ |
front 209 cervical | back 209 The largest vertebral foramina are found in the vertebrae of the _______________ region. |
front 210 lordosis | back 210 An increase in abdominal weight may cause an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature of the spine known as swayback, or _______________. |
front 211 amphiarthrosis | back 211 The functional classification of joints defined as slightly movable is the _______________. |
front 212 suture | back 212 A fibrous joint uniting the bones of the skull is a _______________. |
front 213 flexion | back 213 The angle between articulating bones is decreased by a movement called _______________. |
front 214 abduction | back 214 A bone moves away from the body's midline during _______________. |
front 215 rheumatism | back 215 Any painful state of the body's supporting structures is known as _______________. |
front 216 osteoarthritis | back 216 A degenerative joint disease that results from the combined effects of aging, irritation of joints, wear and abrasion, is _______________. |
front 217 sprain | back 217 The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint without dislocation is called a _______________. |
front 218 subluxation | back 218 A partial or incomplete dislocation is called a _______________. |
front 219 kinesiology | back 219 The study of motion of the human body is called _______________. |
front 220 synostosis | back 220 When an epiphyseal plate closes it is transformed from a synchondrosis into a(n) _______________. |
front 221 fibrocartilage | back 221 In a symphysis, the articulating bones are joined by _______________. |
front 222 fibrous | back 222 A syndesmosis would be classified structurally as a _______________ joint. |
front 223 synovial fluid | back 223 The function of the inner lining of the articular capsule is to produce _______________. |
front 224 ligament | back 224 Fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another in a joint capsule is called a _______________. |
front 225 synovial fluid | back 225 Nutrients are supplied to the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage by _______________. |
front 226 bursae | back 226 Fluid-filled sacs located between bones and overlying tissues that help alleviate pressure are called _______________. |
front 227 articular discs | back 227 Fibrocartilage pads that extend from the fibrous capsule into the joint cavity between articulating bones in large synovial joints are called _______________. |
front 228 articular disc | back 228 Someone who has a "torn cartilage" in the knee has damaged a(n) _______________. |
front 229 hinge | back 229 The elbow is an example of a(n) _______________ joint. |
front 230 gliding | back 230 The articulation of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula is an example of a(n) _______________ joint. |
front 231 circumduction | back 231 The combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called _______________. |
front 232 opposition | back 232 The movement of the thumb so that the tip of the thumb can meet the tip of any other digits on the same hand is referred to as _______________. |
front 233 saddle | back 233 The joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb is an example of a _______________ joint. |
front 234 ball-and-socket | back 234 The glenohumeral joint and the coxal joint are the only examples of the _______________ joint. |
front 235 gomphosis | back 235 The periodontal membrane separates the articulating bones of a _______________. |
front 236 diarthrosis | back 236 A freely movable joint is called a _______________. |
front 237 eversion | back 237 Bending the soles of the feet outward (laterally) so that the soles face away from each other is called _______________. |
front 238 glenoid labrum | back 238 The narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity is called the _______________. |
front 239 patellar retinacula | back 239 The anterior surface of the knee is strengthened by the fused tendons of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the fascia lata, known as the _______________. |
front 240 anterior cruciate ligament | back 240 The ligament stretched or torn in 70% of all serious knee injuries is the _______________. |
front 241 smooth muscle tissue | back 241 Muscle tissue that is both non-striated and involuntary is _______________. |
front 242 excitability | back 242 The ability of muscle tissue to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials) is called _______________. |
front 243 elasticity | back 243 The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contracting or stretching is called _______________. |
front 244 deep fascia | back 244 The dense irregular connective tissue that carries nerves and blood vessels, fills the spaces between muscles, and separates muscles into functional groups is the _______________. |
front 245 aponeurosis | back 245 A broad, flat tendon that connects muscle to bone, muscle, or skin is called a(n) _______________. |
front 246 motor end plate | back 246 The region of a sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction is called the _______________. |
front 247 sarcolemma | back 247 Acetylcholine receptors are located on the _______________. |
front 248 H zone | back 248 The region of the sarcomere that contains only thick myofilaments is the _______________. |
front 249 I band | back 249 The region of the sarcomere that contains only thin myofilaments is the _______________. |
front 250 elastic filaments | back 250 The thick myofilaments are anchored to the Z discs and stabilized during contraction and relaxation by _______________. |
front 251 transverse tubule | back 251 A triad consists of two terminal cisterns and a(n) _______________. |
front 252 calcium ions | back 252 Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed when troponin changes shape as a result of binding _______________. |
front 253 power stroke | back 253 The shape change (swiveling) that occurs as myosin heads bind to actin produces the _______________ of contraction. |
front 254 isometric | back 254 Muscle contraction without muscle shortening is called a(n) _______________ contraction. |
front 255 latent | back 255 The time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction, when calcium ions are being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is called the _______________ period. |
front 256 refractory | back 256 The time following a stimulus during which a muscle cell is unable to respond to another stimulus is called the _______________ period. |
front 257 complete tetanus | back 257 A sustained contraction with no relaxation between stimuli is called _______________. |
front 258 treppe | back 258 In a well-relaxed muscle, several identical stimuli administered in quick succession, but allowing complete relaxation between stimuli, will result in a phenomenon known as _______________. |
front 259 muscle tone | back 259 Involuntary activation of a small number of motor units causes sustained, small contractions that give relaxed skeletal muscle a firmness known as _______________. |
front 260 flaccid | back 260 Muscles that exhibit hypotonia are said to be _______________. |
front 261 passive | back 261 Tension generated by tendons, elastic filaments, and connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers is called _______________ tension. |
front 262 concentric | back 262 An isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens to produce movement and to reduce the angle at a joint is called a(n) _______________ contraction. |
front 263 eccentric | back 263 An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens to produce movement and to increase the angle at a joint is called a(n) _______________ contraction. |
front 264 atrophy | back 264 The wasting away of muscles due to progressive loss of myofibrils is called _______________. |
front 265 creatine | back 265 In the phosphagen system, high-energy phosphate groups can be stored for future ATP production by combining with _______________. |
front 266 pyruvic acid; two | back 266 During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of _______________, resulting in a net gain of _______________ molecules of ATP. |
front 267 oxygen | back 267 The reactions of cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria are said to be aerobic because they require _______________. |
front 268 aerobic cellular respiration | back 268 During long-term exercise, most ATP is produced as a result of _______________. |
front 269 intercalated disc | back 269 Each cardiac muscle fiber in a network is connected to its neighbors by an irregular transverse thickening of the sarcolemma known as a(n) _______________. |
front 270 myosin light chain kinase | back 270 In smooth muscle, myosin binds to actin only after the myosin head has been phosphorylated via the action of the enzyme _______________. |
front 271 sustentacular | back 271 The blood-testis barrier is formed just internal to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule by tight junctions between _______________ cells. |
front 272 interstitial endocrinocytes | back 272 The cells in the seminiferous tubule that secrete testosterone are the _______________. |
front 273 meiosis | back 273 The process of cell division in which diploid cells are converted to haploid gametes is called _______________. |
front 274 four | back 274 Division of each primary spermatocyte eventually produces _______________ spermatids. |
front 275 GnRH | back 275 Release of LH and FSH is regulated by the hormone _______________ produced by the hypothalamus. |
front 276 inhibin | back 276 A hormone secreted by sustentacular cells that targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of FSH is _______________. |
front 277 epididymis | back 277 A tightly coiled tube, 6m X 1mm, that lies along the posterior border of the testis is the _______________. |
front 278 spermatic cord | back 278 The testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle together constitute the _______________. |
front 279 prostate gland | back 279 An accessory gland lying inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounding the urethra in the male is the _______________. |
front 280 2.5-5 ml; 50-150 million | back 280 The average volume of semen in an ejaculation is _______________ with sperm count of _______________ per milliliter. |
front 281 seminalplasmin | back 281 An antibiotic present in semen is _______________. |
front 282 corpora cavernosa; corpora spongiosum | back 282 The paired dorsolateral masses of erectile tissue of the penis are called the _______________; the smaller midventral mass is called the _______________. |
front 283 parasympathetic | back 283 The vascular changes resulting in an erection are the result of a _______________ reflex. |
front 284 prepuce | back 284 Covering the glans of an uncircumcised penis is the foreskin, also known as the _______________. |
front 285 ejaculatory duct | back 285 The _______________ is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens. |
front 286 tunica albuginea | back 286 The white capsule of dense, irregular connective tissue that is immediately deep to the germinal epithelium of the ovary is called the _______________. |
front 287 oogonia | back 287 During early female fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the endoderm of the yolk sac to the ovaries, where they differentiate into _______________. |
front 288 atresia | back 288 Degeneration of primary germ cells during female fetal development is called _______________. |
front 289 fimbriae | back 289 Finger-like projections of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes are called _______________. |
front 290 cervix | back 290 The inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina is called the _______________. |
front 291 stratum functionalis | back 291 The layer of the endometrium nearest the uterine cavity that is shed during menstruation is the _______________. |
front 292 uterus | back 292 A hysterectomy is surgical removal of the _______________. |
front 293 clitoris | back 293 The female structure that is homologous to the penis of the male is the _______________. |
front 294 secondary oocyte | back 294 The form (stage) of the egg that is ovulated is the _______________. |
front 295 progesterone | back 295 During the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is prepared to receive a fertilized ovum principally by the hormone _______________ produced by the corpus luteum. |
front 296 nonoxynol-9 | back 296 One of the most widely used spermicides in contraceptive creams, foams, sponges, etc., is _______________. |
front 297 menarche; menopause | back 297 Onset of the first menses is called _______________; permanent cessation of menses as part of the aging process is called _______________. |
front 298 SRY | back 298 The male pattern of differentiation of primitive gonads in the embryo depends on the presence of a master gene on the Y chromosome called _______________. |
front 299 syphilis | back 299 A chancre at the point of contact is the symptom of the primary stage of the sexually transmitted disease _______________. |
front 300 salpingitis | back 300 Infection of the uterine tubes is called _______________. |
front 301 Capacitation | back 301 _______________ is the term for the functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte. |
front 302 zona pellucida | back 302 The glycoprotein layer internal to the corona radiata surrounding the oocyte is called the _______________. |
front 303 zygote | back 303 The fertilized ovum is called a(n) _______________. |
front 304 ectopic pregnancy | back 304 The development of an embryo or fetus outside the uterine cavity is called a(n) _______________. |
front 305 uterine tube | back 305 The part of the female reproductive tract in which fertilization normally occurs is the _______________. |
front 306 morula | back 306 By the end of the third day after fertilization, the fertilized egg has become a solid ball of cells called the _______________. |
front 307 blastocyst | back 307 The hollow ball of cells that is implanted into the uterine wall is called the _______________. |
front 308 embryo | back 308 During the first two months of development, the developing human is called a(n) _______________. |
front 309 ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm | back 309 The primary germ layers are the _______________, the _______________, and the _______________. |
front 310 gastrulation | back 310 The process by which the two-layered inner cell mass is converted into a structure composed of the primary germ layers is called _______________. |
front 311 yolk sac | back 311 The fetal membrane that serves as an early site of blood formation and that is the source of the cells that differentiate into primitive germ cells is the _______________. |
front 312 chorion | back 312 The structure derived from the trophoblast of the blastocyst that becomes the principal embryonic part of the placenta is the _______________. |
front 313 third | back 313 Development of the placenta is accomplished by the _______________ month of pregnancy. |
front 314 decidua | back 314 The portion of the endometrium that becomes modified following implantation is known as the _______________. |
front 315 human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | back 315 The chorion of the placenta secretes the hormone _______________, which mimics the action of LH. |
front 316 gestation; 38 | back 316 The time a developing human is carried in the female reproductive tract between fertilization and birth is called _______________, which is normally about _______________ weeks. |
front 317 preeclampsia | back 317 A condition that appears after the 20th week of gestation in which hypertension results from impaired renal function is called _______________. |
front 318 prolactin | back 318 The principal hormone promoting lactation is _______________. |
front 319 colostrum | back 319 The initial low-lactose, low-fat fluid produced by the mammary glands during late pregnancy and for the first few days following delivery is called _______________. |
front 320 genome | back 320 The complete genetic makeup of an organism is called the _______________. |
front 321 alleles; homozygous; heterozygous | back 321 The two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same locus on homologous chromosomes are called _______________; and individual in whom the two forms are the same is said to be _______________, while an individual in whom the two forms are different is said to be _______________. |
front 322 phenotype | back 322 The physical or outward expression of a gene is called the _______________. |
front 323 nondisjunction | back 323 An error in meiosis called _______________ occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase of the reduction division. |
front 324 22; one | back 324 A diploid human cell contains _______________ pair(s) of autosomes and _______________ pair(s) of sex chromosomes. |
front 325 sex-linked | back 325 Traits inherited on the X and/or Y chromosomes are referred to as _______________ traits. |
front 326 Barr body | back 326 The dark-staining inactivated X chromosome seen in the nuclei of female mammalian cell is called a _______________. |
front 327 Down syndrome | back 327 Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 results in _______________. |
front 328 human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | back 328 The hormone that serves as a basis for early pregnancy tests is _______________. |
front 329 trophoblast; inner cell mass; blastocoel | back 329 The blastocyst has three portions - the outer _______________, the _______________, and the internal, fluid-filled cavity called the _______________. |
front 330 inner cell mass | back 330 The embryo develops from the layer of the blastocyst called the _______________. |
front 331 villi | back 331 Projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption and digestion are called _______________. |
front 332 acini; pancreatic islets | back 332 The exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called _______________; the endocrine cells of the pancreas are organized into clusters called _______________. |
front 333 common hepatic duct; cystic duct | back 333 The common bile duct is formed by the union of the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 334 liver | back 334 Bile is produced by the _______________. |
front 335 phagocytosis | back 335 The function of the stellate reticuloendothelial cells of the liver is _______________. |
front 336 cholecystokinin | back 336 The hormone that stimulates ejection of bile from the gallbladder is _______________. |
front 337 pylorus; duodenum | back 337 Partially digested food passes from the _______________ region of the stomach into the _______________ region of the small intestine. |
front 338 emulsification | back 338 The process by which bile salts break triglycerides into one millimeter droplets is called _______________. |
front 339 pancreas | back 339 Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes produced by the _______________. |
front 340 starch | back 340 The substrate for salivary amylase is _______________. |
front 341 protein | back 341 The substrate for trypsin is _______________. |
front 342 sucrose; glucose; fructose | back 342 The substrate for sucrase is _______________, which is hydrolyzed into _______________ and _______________. |
front 343 rectum | back 343 The last 20cm of the large intestine is called the _______________. |
front 344 taeniae coli | back 344 The prominent bands of smooth muscle running longitudinally along the large intestine are the _______________. |
front 345 mass peristalsis | back 345 The contents of the colon are moved quickly from the transverse colon into the rectum by a movement called _______________. |
front 346 lamina propria | back 346 The layer of areolar connective underlying the epithelium of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is called the _______________. |
front 347 ascites | back 347 Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called _______________. |
front 348 greater omentum | back 348 The largest of the peritoneal folds that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine is the _______________. |
front 349 parotid glands | back 349 The salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and masseter muscle are the _______________. |
front 350 dentin | back 350 Teeth are composed primarily of a calcified connective tissue called _______________. |
front 351 deglutition | back 351 The act of swallowing is also called _______________. |
front 352 hiatal hernia | back 352 The condition in which stomach protrudes above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus is known as a(n) _______________. |
front 353 pepsinogen | back 353 Chief cells of the stomach produce _______________. |
front 354 gastrin | back 354 G cells of the stomach secrete _______________. |
front 355 rugae | back 355 Folds in the gastric mucosa are called _______________. |
front 356 hepatopancreatic ampulla | back 356 The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to form the _______________. |
front 357 enterokinase | back 357 Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of the enzyme _______________. |
front 358 bile canaliculi | back 358 The right and left hepatic ducts are formed by the merging of smaller ducts called _______________. |
front 359 microvilli | back 359 The microscopic, finger-like projections of the apical membranes of absorptive cells in the small intestine are called _______________. |
front 360 jaundice | back 360 A yellowish coloration of the sclerae and mucous membranes due to the buildup of bilirubin is called _______________. |
front 361 hypothalamus | back 361 The feeding and satiety center are located in the _______________. |
front 362 metabolism | back 362 The term that refers to all the chemical reactions in the body is _______________. |
front 363 catabolism; anabolism | back 363 Those chemical reactions that break down molecules and release energy are collectively known as _______________. Those that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones are collectively known as _______________. |
front 364 basal metabolic rate | back 364 The rate at which the resting, fasting body breaks down nutrients to liberate energy is called the _______________. |
front 365 radiation | back 365 Transfer of heat between objects without physical contact is called _______________. |
front 366 conduction | back 366 Transfer of heat between solid objects in contact with each other is called _______________. |
front 367 pyrogen | back 367 A fever-production substance is called a _______________. |
front 368 specific dynamic action | back 368 The effect of ingested food on metabolic rate is called _______________. |
front 369 hypothermia | back 369 The lowering of body temperature below thirty-five degrees centigrade is called _______________. |
front 370 substrate-level | back 370 Formation of ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate phosphorylated compound to ADP is called _______________ phosphorylation. |
front 371 oxidative | back 371 Formation of ATP via energy released during the reactions of the electron transport chain is called _______________ phosphorylation. |
front 372 cellular respiration | back 372 The oxidation of glucose by cells is also called _______________. |
front 373 pyruvic acid | back 373 Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to _______________. |
front 374 decarboxylation | back 374 Loss of a molecule of carbon dioxide by a substance is called _______________. |
front 375 oxaloacetic acid; citric acid | back 375 When acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, the acetyl unit combines with _______________ to form _______________. |
front 376 GTP | back 376 During the Krebs cycle, two molecules of _______________ are generated by subrate-level phosphorylation. |
front 377 chemiosmosis | back 377 The linking of ATP generation with the pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes is called _______________. |
front 378 cytochromes | back 378 Iron-containing proteins involved in the reactions of the electron transport chain are called _______________. |
front 379 carbon dioxide; water | back 379 The complete aerobic oxidation of glucose yields _______________ and _______________. |
front 380 38 | back 380 The theoretical maximum number of ATP molecules produced as a result of the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule is _______________. |
front 381 liver; skeletal muscle tissue | back 381 Glycogen is stored in the _______________ and the _______________. |
front 382 gluconeogenesis | back 382 The process by which new glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources is called _______________. |
front 383 beta oxidation | back 383 The process by which fatty acids are catabolized to two-carbon fragments is called _______________. |
front 384 ketone bodies | back 384 Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are collectively known as _______________. |
front 385 insulin | back 385 Lipogenesis is stimulated by the hormone _______________. |
front 386 ammonia; urea | back 386 During the deamination of proteins, an amino group is removed and converted to _______________, which is then converted to _______________ by the liver. |
front 387 70-110 mg | back 387 During the postabsorptive state, blood glucose levels are normally maintained at _______________ per 100 ml. |
front 388 cortisol | back 388 The breakdown of proteins, particularly in skeletal muscle fibers, is stimulated primarily by the hormone _______________. |
front 389 calcium ion | back 389 The most abundant cation in the body is _______________. |
front 390 vitamin A | back 390 The vitamin that is essential for the formation of photopigments is _______________. |