front 1 The major ________ of carbohydrates are based on 4 criteria:
| back 1 Classes |
front 2 Molecules that have the same empirical or chemical formula but have mirror image structural formulas: | back 2 Stereoisomers |
front 3 The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the enzyme __________. | back 3 Amylase |
front 4 The enzyme that continues the digestion of carbs in the pancreas: | back 4 Pancreatic amylase |
front 5 Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are digested by the intestinal _________. | back 5 Mucosa |
front 6 After the carbs are digested in the intestine, they are transported to the _______ by the portal vein. | back 6 Liver |
front 7 Glucose ----> Glycogen (for storage) | back 7 Glycogenesis |
front 8 Glycogen ----> Glucose (need more usable sugar) | back 8 Glycogenolysis |
front 9 Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources | back 9 Gluconeogenesis |
front 10 Breakdown of glucose for energy. Produces lactate or pyvuvate then CO2 and H2O. Gives off ATP. | back 10 Glycolysis |
front 11 Gylcogenesis and Glycolysis _________ serum glucose levels | back 11 Decrease |
front 12 Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis __________ serum glucose levels | back 12 Increase |
front 13 A carbohydrate metabolic pathway; glycolysis of glucose, results in pyruvate or lactate and can occur without oxygen | back 13 Embden-Meyerhoff pathway |
front 14 A carohydrate metabolic pathway; Oxidation of glucose results in ribose and CO2 | back 14 Hexose-Monophosphate pathway/shunt |
front 15 ________ Diabetes is characterized by:
| back 15 Type 1 |
front 16 ________ Diabetes is characterized by:
| back 16 Type 2 |
front 17 The release of the _________ hormone, glucagon, is stimulated by a decrease in glucose levels. | back 17 Pancreatic |
front 18 In order to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus (DM) plasma glucose levels (and 2-hour post-load glucose levels) should be above or equal to | back 18 200 mg/dL |
front 19 In order to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus (DM) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels should be at or above | back 19 126 mg/dL |
front 20 ________ triad:
| back 20 Whipple's |
front 21 In the Glucose Oxidase method:
| back 21 Gluconic |
front 22 In the Hexokinase method:
| back 22 NADH |
front 23 Fasting serum and plasma glucose levels are approximately: | back 23 70-99 mg/dL |
front 24 The reference range for the Hexokinase method is: | back 24 70-105 mg/dL |
front 25 In what form is glucose stored in the liver? | back 25 Glycogen |
front 26 What hormone has the ability to decrease blood glucose concentration? | back 26 Insulin |
front 27 Which is the primary hyperglycemic hormone? | back 27 Glucagon |
front 28 What test may be performed to assess the average blood glucose level that an individual maintained during the previous 2 to 3 month period? | back 28 Glycohemoglobin |
front 29 The position of the hydroxyl group on the carbon next to the bottom CH2OH on a carbon chain | back 29 D(Right) or L(Left) |
front 30 A molecule composed of a glucose attached to a fructose | back 30 Sucrose |
front 31 A molecule composed of a glucose attached to galactose | back 31 Lactose |
front 32 A molecule composed of two glucose molecules, that cannot be reduced | back 32 Maltose |
front 33 ________ is the plant form of carbohydrate storage | back 33 Starch |
front 34 Glycogen is the _______ form of carbohydrate storage | back 34 Animal |
front 35 Hexose monophosphate shunt provides _______ that protects the RBCs from oxidative damage. | back 35 NADPH |
front 36 Which is a monosaccharide?
| back 36 Fructose |
front 37 Insulin is produced in the _____ cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans | back 37 Beta |
front 38 Glucagon is produced in the _______ cells of the pancreas | back 38 Alpha |
front 39 Inhibits insulin secretion, stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Triggered by stress. | back 39 Epinephrine/Adrenaline |
front 40 A hormome, also known as T4, that promotes glycogenolysis | back 40 Thyroxine |
front 41 Growth hormone, ACTH, and Cortisol are all ______________ to insulin. | back 41 Antagonistic |
front 42 ____________ diabetes is characterized by:
| back 42 Gestational |
front 43 The test for glucose in urine | back 43 Clinitest |
front 44 The gray-top plasma tube is used for measuring ______. It has sodium fluoride in it that inhibits glycolysis. | back 44 Glucose |
front 45 Insulinoma, Early Type 2 Diabetes, and Ethanol may all result in _____________. | back 45 Hypoglycemia |
front 46 What type of hypoglycemia follows a meal? | back 46 Reactive |
front 47 What product reacts with the chromogen in the Glucose Oxidase methodology | back 47 Hydrogen Peroxide |
front 48 If a patient's serum glucose is 85 mg/dL, a _____ glucose concentration of 60 mg/dL would be considered considered normal | back 48 CSF |
front 49 What is the cut-off value for HbA1C recommended by the American Diabetes Association for adequate control of blood glucose | back 49 7% |