front 1 Urochrome | back 1 Lipid-soluble pigment in plasma excreted in urine at a constant rate. Gives urine its yellow color. |
front 2 Urobilin | back 2 If specimen is exposed to light, urobilinogen will oxidize and turn orange-brown. |
front 3 Uroerythrin | back 3 Pink pigment, most evident when it deposits on urate crystals, producing a precipitate often described as brick dust. |
front 4 Bilirubin | back 4 By-product of hemoglobin catabolism and has characteristic yellow color. If significant, can give urine an amber color |
front 5 Biliverdin | back 5 If specimen is improperly stored, bilirubin will oxidize and cause the urine to turn greenish color |
front 6 Phenazopyridine | back 6 Used to treat UTI's gives urine a distinctive yellow-orange (orange soda pop) color. May interfere with the color interpretation on the chemical reagent strip |
front 7 Foam | back 7
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front 8 Turbidity | back 8
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front 9 Amorphous Phosphates | back 9 Alkaline urine (produces a white or beige precipitate) |
front 10 Amorphous Urates (and uric acid crystals) | back 10 Acidic urine (produces a pinkish precipitate "Brick dust") |
front 11 Ammonia | back 11 Urine on standing becomes odorous due to bacterial conversion of urea |
front 12 Ketones | back 12 Produce sweet or fruity smell |
front 13 Urine Concentration | back 13 Normally 94% water and 6% solutes |
front 14 Concentration | back 14 Quantity of solutes present in volume of urine excreted Expressed as specific gravity or osmolality |
front 15 Specific Gravity | back 15 Ratio of urine density to density of an equal volume of pure water under standard conditions. Affected by number of solute particles and molecular size |
front 16 Reagent Strip Method | back 16 Indirect colorimetric estimation of urine density based on amount of ionic or charged solutes present. Nonionic solutes such as glucose, urea, protein, or radiographic media are not measured |
front 17 Refractometry | back 17 Indirect method based on refractive index of light. Affected by wavelength of light used, Temperature, and concentration of solution. |
front 18 Reagent strip principle | back 18 Impregnated with polyelectrolyte and pH indicator at an alkaline pH. Released protons change pH of test pad. resulting in a color change. |
front 19 SG reads above 1.040 | back 19 Suspect radiographic contrast media or another large molecular weight solute |
front 20 Osmolality | back 20 Concentration of solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute particles per kilogram of water |
front 21 Normal urine osmolality | back 21 275 to 900 mOsm/kg depends on diet, fluid intake, and physical activity |
front 22 Normal serum osmolality | back 22 275 to 300 mOsm/kg Remains relatively constant |
front 23 Principle uses of osmolality | back 23
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front 24 Normal urine volume | back 24 600 to 1800 mL/day |
front 25 Isosthenuria | back 25 Inability of kidneys to change specific gravity of plasma ultrafiltrate (which is 1.010) |
front 26 Polyuria | back 26 Excretion of greater than 3 L/day |
front 27 Oliguria | back 27 Excretion of less than 400 mL/day |
front 28 Anuria | back 28 Complete lack of urine excretion |
front 29 SG range for urine | back 29 1.002 to 1.035 Density of urine / density of equal volume of pure water |