front 1 urochrome | back 1 lipid-soluble pigment in plasma excreted at a constant rate in urine; gives urine the characteristic yellow color |
front 2 urobilin | back 2 orange-brown pigment |
front 3 uroerythrin | back 3 pink pigment; evident when deposited on rate crystals producing a precipitate often described as brick dust |
front 4 amount of substance present, urine pH, and structural form of substance | back 4 factors of substances that can change the color of urine |
front 5 brown urine | back 5 can indicate presence of blood, hemoglobin, or myoglobin in a fresh specimen |
front 6 brown or black urine | back 6 as red blood cells disintegrate, hemoglobin is released and oxidizes to methemoglobin |
front 7 bilirubin | back 7 by-product of hemoglobin catabolism and has characteristic yellow color |
front 8 amber | back 8 indicates presence of significant bilirubin |
front 9 greenish color | back 9 indicates improperly stored urine where bilirubin has oxidized to biliverdin |
front 10 orange-brown | back 10 indicates urobilinogen oxidized to urobilin |
front 11 phenazopyridine | back 11 drug used to treat UTI's that gives distinct yellow-orange (orange soda) color and may interfere with color interpretation on chemical reagent strip |
front 12 white foam | back 12 indicates large amounts of albumin in urine |
front 13 yellow foam | back 13 caused by increased bilirubin |
front 14 clarity or turbidity | back 14 Describes cloudiness of urine caused by suspended particulate matter that scatters light |
front 15 clear | back 15 no or rare visible particles; transparent; all solutes present are soluble |
front 16 hazy or slightly cloudy | back 16 visible particles present; newsprint can be read when viewed through urine tube; indicates presence of blood cells or contaminants |
front 17 cloudy | back 17 significant particulate matter; newsprint is blurred or difficult to read when viewed through urine tube; indicates crystals, epithelial cells, fats, microbes, or contaminants |
front 18 turbid | back 18 newsprint cannot be seen when viewed through urine tube; indicates mucus, contrast media, semen, or contaminants |
front 19 amorphous phosphates | back 19 alkaline urine that produces a white or beige precipitate |
front 20 amorphous urates and uric acid crystals | back 20 acidic urine producing a pinkish precipitate (brick dust) |
front 21 ammonia | back 21 converted from urea due to bacteria from standing urine |
front 22 ketones | back 22 produce sweet or fruity smell of urine |
front 23 amino acid disorders | back 23 often produce odd odors |
front 24 concentration | back 24 refers to the quantity of solutes present in volume of water excreted |
front 25 94% | back 25 percentage of water in urine |
front 26 6% | back 26 percentage of solutes in urine |
front 27 diet, physical activity and health | back 27 factors that cause variety in solute types |
front 28 specific gravity | back 28 rapid assessment of urine concentration in terms of density; mass solutes present per volume of solution; considers both number of solute particles and their molecular size |
front 29 osmolality | back 29 used for more accurate assessment of urine concentration; considers only solutes present |
front 30 1.002 | back 30 lowest possible specific gravity |
front 31 1.040 | back 31 highest possible specific gravity |
front 32 refractometry and reagent strips | back 32 the two indirect methods of specific gravity measurement |
front 33 refractive index | back 33 the ratio of light refraction in two differing media |
front 34 refractometry | back 34 indirect method of measuring specific gravity based on refractive index of light |
front 35 wavelength of light, temperature of solution, and concentration of solution | back 35 the three factors that affect the refractive index of a solution |
front 36 1.022 | back 36 specific gravity of NaCl |
front 37 protein and glucose | back 37 two solutes also included in specific gravity |
front 38 glucose, urea, protein, and radiographic media | back 38 nonionic solutes not measured in reagent strip method |
front 39 reagent strip method | back 39 indirect colorimetric estimation of urine density based on amount of ionic or charged solutes present |
front 40 protons | back 40 Release changes pH of test pad, resulting in a color change of reagent strip pad |
front 41 radiographic contrast media | back 41 suspected if refractometer reads >1.040, but reagent strip reads normal |
front 42 275-300 mOsm/kg | back 42 normal serum osmo reference range |
front 43 275-900 mOsm/kg | back 43 normal urine osmo reference range |
front 44 milliosmoles (mOsm/kg) | back 44 units of measurement for osmolality |
front 45 evaluate renal system, monitor renal disease, monitor fluid and electrolyte balance, and diagnose polyuria cuases | back 45 the four principal uses of osmolality |
front 46 600-1800 mL/day | back 46 normal urinary output per day |
front 47 isothenuria | back 47 inability of kidneys to change specific gravity of plasma ultra filtrate (1.010) whether hydrated or dehydrated |
front 48 polyuria | back 48 excretion of greater than 3L/day |
front 49 oliguria | back 49 excretion of less than 400 mL/day |
front 50 anuria | back 50 complete lack of urine excretion |