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Module I

front 1

In Griffith’s experiments, what made the harmless R cells grow capsules when exposed to heat-killed S cells?

back 1

DNA

front 2

In the Hershey-Chase experiment radioactive Sulfur was used to:

back 2

Be incorporated into the phage protein coat because some amino acids contain sulfur

front 3

The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that:

back 3

Radioactive phosphorus was found inside the cell

front 4

If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent of adenine (A), what would be the percentage of cytosine (C)?

back 4

23 percent

front 5

Four nucleic acid samples are analyzed to determine the percentages of the nucleotides they contain. Which of the following DNA sample(s) could be double-stranded DNA? Sample 1: A(22%), G(28%), T(22%), U(0%), C(28%); Sample 2: A(30%), G(30%), T(0%), U(20%), C(20%); Sample 3: A(18%), G(32%), T(0%), U(18%), C(32%); Sample 4: A(29%), G(29%), T(21%), U(0%), C(21%)

back 5

Sample 1

front 6

Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .

back 6

inside the nucleus, DNA

front 7

A nucleotide is made of _______.

back 7

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

front 8

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.

back 8

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

front 9

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

back 9

Guanine

front 10

Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

back 10

double-stranded circular; double stranded linear

front 11

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'- AUGGGCUACCGA -3'?

back 11

4 amino acids

front 12

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

back 12

DNA->RNA->Protein

front 13

Where does transcription take place in human cells?

back 13

Nucleus

front 14

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

back 14

Cytoplasm

front 15

Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3'

back 15

5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3'

front 16

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

back 16

Mutation and gene flow

front 17

Mutation can be defined as the addition of genetic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of a population.

T/F

back 17

True

front 18

If an allele has a frequency of 1:

back 18

It is found in 100% of the population

front 19

When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

back 19

Gene flow

front 20

When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals. Why?

back 20

Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes.

front 21

Which statement about analogies is correct?

back 21

They are derived by similar environmental constraints.

front 22

What do scientists use to apply cladistics?

back 22

homologous traits

front 23

What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade?

back 23

They evolved from a shared ancestor.

front 24

Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony?

back 24

to decipher accurate phylogenies

front 25

Which one is the correct tree?

back 25

Tree A

front 26

Alternate forms of a gene are called _______.

back 26

alleles

front 27

Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

back 27

phenotype

front 28

Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?

back 28

Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.

front 29

How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?

back 29

He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.

front 30

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

back 30

phenotype

front 31

Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.

back 31

segregation

front 32

Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

back 32

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

front 33

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

back 33

homozygous

front 34

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

back 34

AB, Ab, aB, ab

front 35

How many different types of gametes could an organism with the genotype AABbCc produce?

back 35

4

front 36

Genetic inheritance is being studied in a certain species of plant in which orange flower color (O) is dominant to white (o) and round leaf shape (S) is dominant to oval (s). A true-breeding orange-flowered, round-leaved male plant (Plant A) is mated with a true-breeding white-flowered, oval-leaved female plant (Plant B) to produce dihybrid offspring plant (Plant C). Assuming normal Mendelian genetics and independent inheritance of these two traits, which gametes might be produced by Plant C?

back 36

Both OS and oS

front 37

In guinea pigs coat color is determined by a single gene with two alleles. A guinea pig from a true-breeding black strain is mated with a guinea pig from a true-breeding white strain. The F1 progeny are all black. Two of the F1 progeny are mated with each other. What proportion of the F2 progeny is expected to be white?

back 37

1/4

front 38

In guinea pigs coat color is determined by a single gene with two alleles. A guinea pig from a true-breeding black strain is mated with a guinea pig from a true-breeding white strain. The F1 progeny are all black. Two of the F1 progeny are mated with each other. What proportion of the black F2 progeny is expected to be homozygous?

back 38

1/3

front 39

The presence of short hairs on leaves is controlled by dominant allele H. Plants with genotype hh have smooth leaves. Two parental plants with unknown genotype were crossed. What are the parental genotypes if F1= 32 Hairy and 11 smooth?

back 39

Hh x Hh

front 40

The presence of short hairs on leaves is controlled by dominant allele H. Plants with genotype hh have smooth leaves. Two parental plants with unknown genotype were crossed. What are the parental genotypes if F1= 0 Hairy and 24 smooth?

back 40

hh x hh

front 41

Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a gene with two alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?

back 41

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed.

front 42

In apples, the allele A is dominant for a big size apple and the allele R is dominant for red color. You cross one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. Half of the offspring trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents?

back 42

AArr and aaRr

front 43

You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?

back 43

50%

front 44

If a student randomly guesses at five multiple-choice questions during a BIO 340 exam, find the probability that the student gets exactly three correct. Each question has five possible choices.

back 44

0.05

front 45

What is the probability of having 4 girls in a row?

back 45

1 in 16

front 46

In a cross between two heterozygous plants (Tt x Tt), what is the probability of a plant being homozygous given that it is tall?

back 46

0.33

front 47

What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? TTRrYy x TtRrYy -> TTrrYY

back 47

1/32

front 48

John has alkaptonuria; it "runs in the family". John and his grandmother are both homozygous for alkaptonuria. John's grandmother has two brothers and a sister. One of the brothers had alkaptonuria and his daughter is John's mother. Based on this information, John's parents are:

back 48

Both heterozygous for the alkaptonuria gene.

front 49

If John marries someone who is heterozygous for alkaptonuria, then which of the following statements is true? Remember alkaptonuria is a recessive disorder.

back 49

All of the children will inherit at least one copy of the alkaptonuria gene.

front 50

What is the probability that III-3 is a carrier (Rr)?

back 50

2/3

front 51

What is the probability that III-4 is a carrier (Rr)?

back 51

1/2

front 52

What is the probability that IV-1 is affected (rr)?

back 52

1/12

front 53

Daughter cells produced by mitosis _______.

back 53

are genetically identical to the parent cell

front 54

Besides growth, what must happen before a cell divides?

back 54

DNA replication.

front 55

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two new cells is called?

back 55

Cytokinesis

front 56

In the figure, "Letter B" represents:

back 56

Sister chromatids

front 57

Which of the following is the correct order of events in mitosis?

back 57

The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.

front 58

Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells.

back 58

four haploid

front 59

If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism?

back 59

16

front 60

Which of the following events is unique to prophase I of meiosis?

back 60

Pairing of homologous chromosomes.

front 61

At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures?

back 61

Chiasmata

front 62

In which nuclear division process do sister chromatids segregate?

back 62

In mitosis and meiosis II.

front 63

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

back 63

All offspring with red eyes.

front 64

In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

back 64

All male offspring with white eyes.

front 65

Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the “X” chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?

back 65

50% of the boy children.

front 66

What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

back 66

Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.

front 67

Congenital generalized hypertrichosis is an X-linked dominant disease. If an affected male marries an unaffected female, what is the probability of passing the hypertrichosis gene to his offspring?

back 67

p=0.5, all daughters will be affected.

front 68

Human sex-linked transmission
follows distinct patterns

back 68

In X-linked recessive inheritance, females homozygous
for the recessive allele or males hemizygous for it display the recessive phenotype

In X-linked dominant traits, heterozygous females and
males hemizygous for the dominant allele express the
dominant phenotype

front 69

X-linked inheritance is theterm for traits carried on the X chromosome; males have only one X and so are called hemizygous for X-linked traits

back 69

no data

front 70

X-linked dominant trait transmission

back 70

The distinctive characteristics of X-linked dominant traits
are:
1. Heterozygous females mated to wild-type males transmit
the dominant allele to half their progeny of each sex
2. Dominant males mated to homozygous recessive females
pass the trait to all their daughters and none of their sons
3. The trait appears equally frequently in males and females

front 71

List below all probable transfers proposed by Dr. Crick.

back 71

DNA > DNA

RNA > RNA

DNA > RNA

RNA > Protein

front 72

List below all possible transfers proposed by Dr. Crick.

back 72

DNA > Protein

RNA > DNA

front 73

List below all impossible transfers proposed by Dr. crick

back 73

Protein > DNA

Protein > RNA

Protein > Protein

front 74

The basis of Dr. Crick’s 1970 paper was to clarify the central dogma of molecular biology in response to the “Central Dogma Reversed” publication put forth by Dr. Howard Temin. According to Dr. Crick, the work of Dr. Temin suggests what?

back 74

Tumor viruses containing RNA as their genetic material can use viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

front 75

The alleles of a particular gene segregate independently into individual gametes (sex cells) during meiosis.

T/F

back 75

True

front 76

You cross a pea plant with purple flowers to a plant with white flowers. The resulting offspring have a mixture of purple and white flowers. What were the possible genotypes of the parents if the purple allele is dominant (B) and the white allele is recessive (b)? (Hint: draw Punnett squares).

back 76

Parent 1: Bb, Parent 2: bb

front 77

Two diploid individuals, one homozygous and the other heterozygous at a particular gene, make babies. Which of the following statements about the offspring genotype is correct? (Hint: draw Punnett squares)

back 77

1/2 of the offspring are homozygotes and 1/2 are heterozygotes

front 78

The DNA sequence of a gene is a phenotype.

T/F

back 78

False

front 79

Consider a plant character, leaf shape. In a tree species, it has been determined that leaf shape is controlled by a single gene segregating two alleles, and havingrounded leaves is dominant to elongated leaves.

An experiment that crossed a rounded-leaf plant with an elongated-leaf plant, both from true-breeding lines, found the following results: all F1 offspring have rounded leaves. F2 offspring, which came from selfing of F1 individuals, also all have rounded leaves.

A hypothesis suggests that the law of _______ is most likely violated in this mating. Fill in the blank.

back 79

Segregation

front 80

Mendel's law of Independent Assortment describes the independent movement of _______ into ______ during meiosis.

back 80

alleles of different genes, gametes

front 81

Consider a diploid organism. What is the phenotypic ratio expected to be observed in the offspring produced by two homozygous recessive parents?

back 81

0 dominant: 1 recessive

front 82

What are the possible values for the probability "P(A)"?

back 82

Between 0 and 1, including both 0 and 1

front 83

Under what conditions should you use the addition/sum rule and what notion should you use?

back 83

With mutually exclusive events; P(A or B)

front 84

In the binomial probability distribution formula, there are three unique variables. What does each one stand for (in the order of p, n, k)?

back 84

Probability of success, number of trials, number of successes

front 85

Cross together two heterozygous parents for pea color (genotypes: Gg for both parents; G = yellow, g = green.) What is the probability that a plant in the F1generation has yellow peas?

back 85

3/4

front 86

Cross together two double heterozygous parents for plant height and flower color (genotypes: SsWw for both parents; S = tall, s = short, W = purple/violet, and w = white.) What is the probability that a randomly selected offspring will be short and have purple/violet flowers?

back 86

3/16

front 87

Under what conditions should you use the multiplication/product rule and what notation should you use?

back 87

With independent events; P(A and B)

front 88

DNA replication is classified as _______________ replication

back 88

Semi-conservative

front 89

Given this DNA template strand (3'-CTGAGGCATATCAC-5'), select the correct RNA transcript.

back 89

5'-GACUCCGUAUAGUG-3'

front 90

I mentioned an exception to the classic Central Dogma in my video. What was the exception?

back 90

RNA to DNA

front 91

The Central Dogma states DNA turns into RNA and RNA turns into protein.

T/F

back 91

False

front 92

Translate the following mRNA transcript: 5'-AUGCCGUCAGGGUGA-3'

back 92

Met - Pro - Ser - Gly - Stop

front 93

What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

back 93

Transcription

front 94

What is the process by which protein is synthesized from a RNA template?

back 94

Translation

front 95

Who proposed the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

back 95

Francis Crick