front 1 79. The most common etiology of mitral stenosis in adults is: | back 1 Rheumatic fever |
front 2 80. The cardiac valves listed in decreasing order as they are affected by rheumatic heart disease are: | back 2 Mitral, Aortic, Tricuspid, Pulmonic |
front 3 81. Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic heart disease include: | back 3 Pulmonary hypertension |
front 4 82. Patients with mitral stenosis, left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation are at increased risk for the development of: | back 4 Left atrial thrombus |
front 5 83. Conditions that may lead to clinical symptoms that mimic those associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis include: | back 5 Left atrial myxoma |
front 6 84. The equation used in the cardiac catherization laboratory to determine mitral valve area is the: | back 6 Gorlin |
front 7 85. The M-mode being demonstrated below is an example of: | back 7 mitral stenosis |
front 8 86. A strong indication for mitral stenosis on two-dimensional echocardiography is an anterior mitral valve leaflet that exhibits | back 8 Diastolic doming |
front 9 87. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings for rheumatic mitral stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 9 Reverse doming of the anterior mitral leaflet |
front 10 88. The most accurate method for determining the severity of mitral valve stenosis is: | back 10 Performing planimetry of the mitral valve orifice by two-dimensional echocardiography |
front 11 89. Critical mitral valve stenosis is said to be present if the mitral valve area is reduced to: | back 11 < 1.0cm2 |
front 12 90. Typical echocardiographic finding in a patient with isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 12 Dilated left ventricle |
front 13 91. Secondary echocardiographic/Doppler findings in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 13 Left ventricular dilation |
front 14 92. The classic cardiac Doppler features of mitral valve stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 14 Increased mitral valve area |
front 15 93. The abnormal mitral valve pressure half-time for patients with mitral valve stenosis is: | back 15 90 to 400 msec |
front 16 94. A deceleration time of 800 msec was obtained by continues wave Doppler in a patient with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. The pressure half-time is: | back 16 232msec |
front 17 95. A Doppler mean pressure gradient across a stenotic mitral valve of 22mmhg is obtained. The severity of the mitral stenosis is: | back 17 severe |
front 18 96. Mitral stenosis is considered to be severe by all of the following criteria except:
| back 18 Mitral valve Doppler A wave peak |
front 19 97. Two-dimensional echocardiographic examination reveals thin mobile mitral valve leaflet tips and a Doppler E velocity of 1.0m/s with a pressure half-time of 180msec in an elderly patient. The most likely diagnosis is: | back 19 moderate to severed mitral annular calcification |
front 20 98. All of the following are possible etiologies of anatomic mitral regurgitation except:
| back 20 Dilated cardiomyopathy |
front 21 99. All of the following are causes of chronic mitral regurgitation except:
| back 21 Ruptured papillary muscle |
front 22 100. The most common presenting symptom of significant chronic mitral regurgitation is: | back 22 dyspnea |
front 23 101. Congestive heart failure in a patient with significant chronic mitral regurgitation occurs because of increased pressure in the: | back 23 left atrium |
front 24 102. Possible signs and symptoms associated with acute severe mitral regurgitation include | back 24 pulmonary edema |
front 25 103. Chronic significant mitral regurgitation may result in all of the following except:
| back 25 Mitral annular calcification |
front 26 104. The most likely heart sound to be hear in patients with significant chronic pure mitral regurgitation is: | back 26 S3 |
front 27 105. The classic description of the murmur of chronic mitral regurgitation is: | back 27 Holosystolic murmur heart beats at the apex radiating to the axilla |
front 28 106. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides all of the following information in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation except:
| back 28 Detailed visualization of the mitral valve apparatus |
front 29 107. M-mode and two-dimensional finding associated with significant chronic mitral regurgitation include all of the following except:
| back 29 Fine diastolic fluttering of the mitral valve |
front 30 108. The M-mode shown is demonstrating: | back 30 left ventricular volume overload pattern |
front 31 109. Systolic bowing of the inter-atrial septum toward the right atrium throughout the cardiac cycle may be an indication of: | back 31 mitral regurgitation |
front 32 110. In patients with significant pure mitral regurgitation, the E velocity of the mitral valve pulsed-wave Doppler tracing is | back 32 increased |
front 33 111. The effect significant mitral regurgitation has on the pulsed-wave Doppler tracing of the pulmonary veins may be described as: | back 33 S wave reverses, D wave increases |
front 34 112. An accepted method for determining the severity of the mitral regurgitation by continuous-wave Doppler is spectral: | back 34 Jet density |
front 35 113. In patients with significant mitral regurgitation, the continuous-wave Doppler tracing of the regurgitant lesion may demonstrate a(n): | back 35 Asymmetrical shape of the mitral regurgitation flow velocity spectral display |
front 36 114. The peak mitral regurgitation velocity as determined with continuous-wave Doppler reflects the: | back 36 Maximum pressure difference between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
front 37 115. In patients with severe acute mitral regurgitation, the continuous-wave Doppler peak velocity of the regurgitant jet is: | back 37 decreased |
front 38 116. In patients with significant mitral regurgitation, the isovolumic relaxation time may be: | back 38 decreased |
front 39 117. A color flow Doppler method for semi-quantitating mitral regurgitation is regurgitant jet: | back 39 area |
front 40 118. All of the following are useful color-flow Doppler techniques in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation except:
| back 40 Peak velocity |
front 41 119. Quantitative approaches to determine the severity of mitral regurgitation include all of the following except:
| back 41 Regurgitant jet area |
front 42 120. Cardiac Doppler evidence of severe mitral regurgitation includes all of the following except:
| back 42 Mitral valve E wave velocity <1.0 m/sec |
front 43 121. All of the following are true statements concerning mitral regurgitation except:
| back 43 Severity of mitral regurgitation is not affected by afterload |
front 44 122. Diastolic mitral regurgitation is associated with: | back 44 Sever aortic regurgitation |
front 45 123. The most common symptoms of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following except:
| back 45 Ascites |
front 46 124. The complications of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following except:
| back 46 Vavular stenosis |
front 47 125. The associated auscultatory findings for mitral prolapse include: | back 47 Mid-systolic click |
front 48 126. A key word that is often used to describe characteristics of the valve leaflets in mitral valve prolapse is: | back 48 redundant |
front 49 127. The term myxomatous degeneration is associated with mitral valve: | back 49 prolapse |
front 50 128. Echocardiographic characteristics of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following except:
| back 50 Diastolic doming of the mitral valve leaflets |
front 51 129. The gold standard Two-dimensional echocardiographic view recommended to diagnose the presence of mitral valve prolapse is: | back 51 parasternal long axis |
front 52 130. Secondary causes of mitral valve prolapse include all of the following except:
| back 52 Bicuspid aortic valve |
front 53 131. All of the following are associate with mitral valve prolapse except:
| back 53 Pulmonary atresia |
front 54 132. Which of the following is most commonly associated with mitral valve prolapse: | back 54 Left heart volume overload |
front 55 133. There is posterior mitral valve prolapse present. With color flow Doppler on, which direction will the mitral regurgitation jet be baffled? | back 55 Anterior |
front 56 134. Flail mitral valve can be differentiated from severe mitral valve prolapse on two-dimensional echocardiography because flail mitral valve leaflet demonstrates: | back 56 leaflet tip that points towards the left atrium. |
front 57 135. Mitral valve chordal rupture usually results in: | back 57 mitral valve regurgitation |
front 58 136. A common finding associated with a regurgitant murmur in the elderly is: | back 58 Mitral annular calcification |
front 59 137. On M-mode and two-dimentional echocardiography dense echoes are noted posterior to normal mitral valve leaflets. The probable diagnosis is mitral valve: | back 59 Annular calcification |
front 60 138. The etiology of aortic valve stenosis includes all of the following except:
| back 60 Bacterial |
front 61 139. The most likely etiology of aortic valve stenosis in a 47-year-old patient is: | back 61 Congenital |
front 62 140. The cardinal symptom of valvular stenosis includes all of the following except:
| back 62 Anasarca |
front 63 141. The murmur of aortic stenosis is describes as: | back 63 Systolic ejection murmur heard best at the right upper sternal boarder |
front 64 142. The pulse that is characteristic of significant valvular stenosis is: | back 64 Pulsus parvus et tardus |
front 65 143. The aoritic valve area considered critical aortic valve stenosis is: | back 65 <=.75cm2 |
front 66 144. The formula used to determine aortic valve area in the cardiac catherization laboratory is the: | back 66 Gorlin equasion |
front 67 145. All of the following may be measured in the cardiac catherization laboratory when evaluating aortic stenosis except:
| back 67 Peak velocity |
front 68 146. The Doppler maximum peak instantaneous pressure gradient in a patient with aortic stenosis is 100mmHg. The cardiac catherization peak-to-peak pressure gradient will most likely be: | back 68 Lower than 100mmHg |
front 69 147. An effect of significant aortic valve stenosis on the left ventricle is: | back 69 Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy |
front 70 148. Pathologies that may result in a left ventricular pressure overload include all of the following except:
| back 70 Mitral valve stenosis |
front 71 149. The characteristic M-mode findings for aortic valvular stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 71 Diastolic flutter of the aortic leaflets |
front 72 150. Possible two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in significant aortic valve stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 72 Post-stenotic dilatation of the decending aorta |
front 73 151. In the parasternal long axis view, sever aortic valve stenosis is define as an aortic valve leaflet separation that measures: | back 73 <= 8mm |
front 74 152. Secondary echocardiographic findings associated with sever valvular aortic stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 74 Right ventricular hypertrophy |
front 75 153. The two-dimensional view which best to visualize systolic doming of the aortic leaflets is the: | back 75 parasternal long axis view |
front 76 154. Cardiac Doppler parameters used to assess the severity of valvular aortic stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 76 Aortic pressure half-time |
front 77 155. Of the transvalvular pressure gradients that can be measured in the echocardiography laboratory, the most useful in examining aortic valve stenosis is probably: | back 77 mean systolic gradient |
front 78 156. A Doppler mean pressure gradient of 18mmHg is calculated in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis. The severity of the aortic stenosis is; | back 78 Mild |
front 79 157. The onset of flow to peak aortic velocity CW Doppler tracing in severe valvular aortic stenosis is | back 79 increased |
front 80 158. The severity of aortic valve stenosis may be underestimated if only the maximum velocity measurement is used in the following condition: | back 80 Low cardiac output |
front 81 159. The echocardiographer may differentiate between the similar systolic flow patters seen in coexisting severe aortic valve stenosis and mitral regurgitation by all of the following except:
| back 81 D is false |
front 82 160. The two-dimentional echocardiogram demonstrates a thickened aortic valve with reduced systolic excursion. On physical examination there was a crescendo-decrescendo murmur heard. The most likely diagnosis is: | back 82 Stenosis and regurgitation |
front 83 161. When two-dimensional evaluation of a systolic ejection murmur reveals thickened aortic valve with normal systolic excursion and a peak velocity across the aortic valve of 1.5m/s. The diagnosis is likely aortic valve: | back 83 sclerosis |
front 84 162. The most common etiology of chronic aortic regurgitation is: | back 84 Dilatation of the aortic root and aortic annulus |
front 85 163. All of the following represents possible etiologies for acute aortic regurgitation except:
| back 85 Aortic valve sclerosis |
front 86 164. The LEAST common valve regurgitation found in normal patients is: | back 86 aortic |
front 87 165. All of the following all associated with significant chronic aortic regurgitation except:
| back 87 Holosystolic murmur herad best at the cardiac apex |
front 88 166. The characteristic feature of the murmur of chronic aortic regurgitation is a: | back 88 Diastolic decrescendo murmur heard best along the left sternal boarder |
front 89 167. The murmur associated with sever aortic regurgitation is: | back 89 Austin-Flint |
front 90 168. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides all of the following information in a patient with aortic regurgitation except:
| back 90 Detailed resolution of the aortic valve |
front 91 169. The hallmark M-mode finding for aortic regurgitation is: | back 91 Fine diastolic flutter of the anterior mitral valve leaflet |
front 92 170. Reverse diastolic doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is associated with: | back 92 severe aortic regurgitation |
front 93 171. All of the following are two-dimentional echocardiography findings in a patient with significant chronic aortic regurgitation except:
| back 93 Left atrial enlargement |
front 94 172. In significant chronic aortic regurgitation, M-mode and 2D evidence includes all of the following except:
| back 94 Paraxoxical interventricular septal motion |
front 95 173. The M-Mode/2D parameters that have been proposed as an indicator for aortic valve replacement in severe chronic regurgitation are left ventricular: | back 95 End-systolic dimension >=55mm and fractional shortening of <= 25% |
front 96 174. Premature closure of the mitral valve is associated with all of the following except:
| back 96 Acute sever mitral regurgitation |
front 97 175. In a patient with severe acute aortic regurgitation the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increases rapidly. This pathophysiology will affect which of the following? | back 97 Closure of the mitral valve |
front 98 176. The M-mode finding that indicates severe aortic regurgitation is premature aortic valve: | back 98 opening |
front 99 177. Echocardiographic evidence of severe acute aortic regurgitation includes all of the following except
| back 99 Premature opening of the mitral valve |
front 100 178. The mitral valve PW Doppler flow pattern often associated with sever acute aortic regurgitation is grade: | back 100 III or IV (restrictive) |
front 101 179. The pulmonary vein atrial reversal wave may be ________ in peak velocity and duration in a patient with severe acute aortic regurgitation | back 101 increased |
front 102 180. Severe aortic regurgitation is diagnosed with CW Doppler by all of the following except:
| back 102 A maximum velocity of 4 m/s |
front 103 181. The CW Doppler signal of aortic regurgitation may be differentiated for the CW Doppler signal for mitral stenosis by the following guideline: | back 103 If the diastolic flow pattern commences before mitral valve opening than the signal is due to aortic regurgitation |
front 104 182. The severity of aortic regurgitation may be best determined with color flow Doppler by all of the following methods except:
| back 104 Measuring the aortic regurgitant jet aliasing area in the parasternal long axis view. |
front 105 183. Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta and or the abdominal aorta may be present in each of the following except:
| back 105 Sever mitral regurgitation |
front 106 184. All of the following are considered useful quantitative measurements to determine the severity of aortic regurgitation except:
| back 106 Peak velocity of the aortic regurgitation |
front 107 185. Posterior displacement of the aortic valve leaflets into the left ventricle outflow tract during ventricular diastole is called aortic valve: | back 107 prolapse |
front 108 186. The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is: | back 108 Rheumatic fever |
front 109 187. The typical 2D findings in rheumatic tricuspid stenosis include all of the following except:
| back 109 Systolic bowing of the posterior tricuspid valve leaflet |
front 110 188. All of the following are cardiac Doppler findings for tricuspid valve stenosis except:
| back 110 Decreased pressure half time |
front 111 189. Causes of anatomic tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following except:
| back 111 Pulmonary hypertension |
front 112 190. The most common cause of chronic tricuspid regurgitation is | back 112 pulmonary hypertension |
front 113 191. Signs of significant tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following except:
| back 113 Pulsus paradoxus |
front 114 192. The murmur of tricuspid regurgitation is best described as a: | back 114 pansystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal boarder |
front 115 193. All of the following are dilated in significant chronic tricuspid regurgitation except:
| back 115 Pulmonary veins |
front 116 194. M-mode and 2D findings for chronic tricuspid regurgitation include: | back 116 Paradoxical interventricular septal motion |
front 117 195. Methods for determining the severity of tricuspid regurgitation with PW Doppler include all of the following except:
| back 117 Peak velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet |
front 118 196. Cardiac Doppler findings associated with significant tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following except:
| back 118 Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary vein |
front 119 197. And intracardiac pressure that may be determined form the CW Doppler tricuspid regurgitation signal is: | back 119 Systolic pulmonary artery pressure |
front 120 198. A tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity of 3.0 m/s is obtained. This indicates: | back 120 pulmonary hypertension |
front 121 199. Possible echocardiographic and cardiac Doppler findings in a patient with carcinoid heart disease include all of the following except:
| back 121 Tricuspid valve prolapse |
front 122 200. The most common etiology of tricuspid regurgitation is: | back 122 pulmonary hypertension |
front 123 201. Significant chronic pulmonary regurgitation is associated with: | back 123 Right ventricular volume overload |
front 124 202. All of the following color follow Doppler findings indicate significant pulmonary regurgitation except:
| back 124 Peak velocity of <1.0 m/s |
front 125 203. Which of the following pressures can be predicted when measuring the pulmonary regurgitation end-diastolic velocity | back 125 Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure |
front 126 204. Which of the following pressures can be calculated when measuring the peak velocity of the pulmonary regurgitation | back 126 Mean pulmonary artery pressure |
front 127 205. The most common symptom of infective endocarditis is: | back 127 Fever |
front 128 206. The complications of infective endocarditis include all of the following except:
| back 128 Annular calcification |
front 129 207. Infective endocarditis is a greater risk in patients with | back 129 Prosthetic heart valve |
front 130 208. A patient with a history of IV drug use presents to the echocardiography laboratory with complaints of fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The most likely explanation is: | back 130 infective endocarditis |
front 131 209. The classic manifestation of infective endocarditis is cardiac valve: | back 131 vegetation |
front 132 210. The usual site of attachment for vegetations on the mitral valve and tricuspid valve are the: | back 132 atrial side of the valve leaflets |
front 133 211. The vegetation diameter as determined by 2D echo that most often is associated with systemic emboli is: | back 133 10mm |
front 134 212. The essential 2D finding of valve ring abscess secondary to infective endocarditis may be best described as: | back 134 Echolucent |
front 135 213. Valve ring abscess is usually cause by | back 135 infective endocarditis |
front 136 214. The test of choice for diagnosing the presence of vegetation and the complications of infective endocarditis is: | back 136 Transesophogeal |