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57 notecards = 15 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Pregnancy and fetal development

front 1

Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, sperm motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared torelease hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes. What is this process called?

back 1

Capacitation

front 2

Just inside the oocyte membrane represent vesicles containing calcium ions that are spilled into the extracellular space to prevent polyspermy. When does this take place?

back 2

Just after the sperm's head enters the oocyte membrane.

front 3

What is the first barrier that must be penetrated by the sperm in order to fertilize and oocyte?

back 3

Corona radiata (first coronas then comes the baby)

front 4

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days?

back 4

gestation period

front 5

What destroys the zone pellucida sperm-binding receptors?

back 5

zonal inhibiting proteins

front 6

The result of polyspermy in humans is _____.

back 6

a nonfunctional zygote.

front 7

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after _____.

back 7

they undergo capacitation.

front 8

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

back 8

12-24 hours

front 9

T/F

Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

back 9

True

front 10

Oocyte

back 10

egg

front 11

Zygote

back 11

fertilized egg

front 12

_____ implants in the mucosa of the endometrium.

back 12

Blastocyte

front 13

The 4-cell stage occurs 2 days after fertilization. How much time passes between the 4-cell stage and implantation?

back 13

5 days

front 14

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ______.

back 14

zygote, morula, blastocyst

front 15

Which of the following is the multinuclear cytoplasmic mass formed from the outer layer of the trophoblast as it implants into the endometrium?

back 15

syncytiotrophoblast

front 16

The correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo...

back 16

cleavage, morula, blastocyst, gastrula

front 17

Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

back 17

trophoblast

front 18

This extra-embryonic membrane is formed from the trophoblast after implantation...

back 18

chorion

front 19

Together, what do the decider basalis and the chorionic villi form?

back 19

Placenta

front 20

What is the innermost (closest) structure that envelops the embryo?

back 20

Amnion

front 21

T/F

The embryo's blood supply mixes with that of the mother.

back 21

False

front 22

T/F

Blood from the fetus travels to the placenta via vessels in the umbilical cord.

back 22

True

front 23

T/F

The extraembryonic coelom lies between the chorion and the amnion.

back 23

True

front 24

T/F

The yolk sac is the source for the earliest blood cells and blood vessels.

back 24

True

front 25

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of the contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

back 25

Chorion

front 26

Decidua basalis

back 26

Forms the mother's part of the placenta.

front 27

Inner cell mass

back 27

Becomes the embryonic disc.

front 28

Trophoblast

back 28

Forms the chorion.

front 29

Decidua capsularis

back 29

Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

front 30

Morula

back 30

A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells.

front 31

Which hormone maintains the viability fo the corpus luteum?

back 31

hCG

front 32

What may pass through the placental barriers?

back 32

nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, alcohol

front 33

If implantation is successful?

back 33

The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.

front 34

From what germ layer are the serosae of the peritoneal cavity (coelom) derived?

back 34

Mesoderm

front 35

Epithelial layers arise from teh endoderm...

back 35

alveolar cells of the lungs

front 36

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

back 36

Ectoderm

front 37

The fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium to bypass the nonfuctional lungs is called _____.

back 37

foramen ovale.

front 38

Which fetal vessels or shunts will become the medial umbilical ligaments in the newborn?

back 38

umbilical arteries

front 39

_______ takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta?

back 39

Umbilical vein

front 40

What is the primary germ layer that forms the basis for the musculoskeletal system?

back 40

Mesoderm

front 41

The foramen oval and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of _______.

back 41

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs.

front 42

The formation of the endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at _____.

back 42

gastrulation.

front 43

The first major event in organogenesis is _____.

back 43

neurulation.

front 44

Cells of the _______ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level.

back 44

sclerotome

front 45

What does the hormone relaxin promote?

back 45

Promotes the widening & increases flexibility of the pelvis ligaments and pubic symphysis.

front 46

Because of the increased bulkiness of the anterior abdomen and the change in a pregnant woman's center of gravity, what type of spinal curvature do many pregnant women develop?

back 46

Excessive lordosis of the lumbar spine.

front 47

A dangerous complication of prenancy called _____ results in an insufficient placentl blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs.

back 47

preeclampsia

front 48

Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

back 48

cardiovascular system

front 49

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor?

back 49

Stimulates the uterus to contract

front 50

What serve(s) as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor?

back 50

prostaglandins

front 51

What tends to initiate Braxton Hicks contractions, or "false labor"?

back 51

estrogens

front 52

How long does the expulsion stage typically last in the first birth?

back 52

50 mins

front 53

During what stage is the afterbirth delivered?

back 53

placental stage

front 54

During which stage does the amnion rupture, and event also known as the mother's "water breaking"?

back 54

dilation stage

front 55

T/F

Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.

back 55

False

front 56

Milk ejection (the let-down reflex) is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

back 56

oxytocin

front 57

Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary gangs secrete a yellowish fluid called _____ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.

back 57

colostrum