front 1 1) An organism that lacks integration centers _____. A) cannot receive stimuli B) will not have a nervous system C) will not be able to interpret stimuli D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons | back 1 C |
front 2 2) In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____. A) both excited and contracting B) both inhibited and relaxed C) excited and inhibited, respectively D) inhibited and excited, respectively | back 2 C |
front 3 3) The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. A) cartilage of the knee B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs C) hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs D) brain, the sensorimotor relay | back 3 B |
front 4 4) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. A) astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness B) oligodendrocytes — produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system C) radial glia — the source of immunoprotection against pathogens D) Schwann cells — provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons | back 4 A |
front 5 5) The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. A) a filtrate of the blood B) a secretion of glial cells C) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells D) secreted by the hypothalamus | back 5 A |
front 6 6) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. A) spinal cord B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum D) medulla | back 6 A |
front 7 7) Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord | back 7 D |
front 8 8) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV | back 8 C |
front 9 9) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are _____. A) motor and sensory systems B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system | back 9 B |
front 10 10) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _____ nervous system A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic | back 10 A |
front 11 11) Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system | back 11 B |
front 12 12) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. A) decreased heart rate B) increased secretion by the pancreas C) increased contractions of the stomach D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs | back 12 D |
front 13 13) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____. A) resting and digesting B) release of epinephrine into the blood C) increased metabolic rate D) intensive aerobic exercise | back 13 A |
front 14 14) In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system | back 14 B |
front 15 15) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____. A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems | back 15 C |
front 16 16) If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are potential regions where pathology might exist? I) the brain II) the knee III) the spinal cord A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III | back 16 D |
front 17 17) Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? A) increased heartbeat B) constriction of airways C) constriction of pupils D) decreased heartbeat | back 17 A |
front 18 18) After eating a large meal, which nerves are most active in your digestive system? I) parasympathetic nerves II) somatic (motor) nerves III) sympathetic nerves A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III | back 18 A |
front 19 19) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system | back 19 C |
front 20 20) Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in _____. A) cnidarians B) Planaria C) sea stars D) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry | back 20 B |
front 21 21) Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? A) limbic system — motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata — emotional memory C) cerebellum — homeostatic control D) corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices | back 21 D |
front 22 22) Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) cerebellum D) spinal cord | back 22 B |
front 23 23) Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. A) pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) cerebrum D) thalamus | back 23 B |
front 24 24) Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. A) continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration B) continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them D) cease having any rhythms | back 24 B |
front 25 25) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because _____. A) they sleep for only thirty minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake | back 25 D |
front 26 26) The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) audition D) mechanosensation | back 26 A |
front 27 27) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _____. A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) pituitary D) cerebellum | back 27 A |
front 28 28) The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) cerebrum | back 28 C |
front 29 29) Which of the following structures are correctly paired? A) forebrain — cerebellum B) midbrain — cerebrum C) hindbrain — cerebellum D) brainstem — anterior pituitary gland | back 29 C |
front 30 30) Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus | back 30 D |
front 31 31) The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata | back 31 B |
front 32 32) The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus | back 32 D |
front 33 33) The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata | back 33 D |
front 34 34) Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata | back 34 C |
front 35 35) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) epithalamus C) amygdala D) Broca's area | back 35 A |
front 36 36) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the _____. A) basal nuclei B) cerebral cortex C) brainstem D) limbic system | back 36 C |
front 37 37) If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which of the following would be observed? A) auditory hallucinations B) visual hallucinations C) an inability to regulate body temperature D) an inability to regulate heart function | back 37 D |
front 38 38) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____. A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon B) develops from the midbrain C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates D) gives rise to the cerebrum | back 38 D |
front 39 39) The motor cortex is part of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) medulla oblongata | back 39 A |
front 40 40) In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____. A) a more advanced cerebellum B) a cerebellum with several flat layers C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area | back 40 C |
front 41 41) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) hearing | back 41 C |
front 42 42) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobe — decision making B) occipital lobe — control of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobe — visual processing D) occipital lobe — speech production | back 42 A |
front 43 43) If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the _____. A) frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Broca's area D) occipital lobe | back 43 A |
front 44 44) Wernicke's area _____. A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended B) is active during the generation of speech C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D) is found on the left side of the brain | back 44 A |
front 45 45) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. A) lose their sense of balance B) lose all short-term memory C) have greatly altered emotional responses D) have greatly increased long-term memory | back 45 C |
front 46 46) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty _____. A) generating speech B) recognizing faces C) understanding language D) experiencing emotion | back 46 C |
front 47 47) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) the left frontal lobe B) the right frontal lobe C) the left parietal lobe D) the right parietal lobe | back 47 D |
front 48 48) An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair the function of the _____. A) primary visual cortex B) thalamus C) sense of taste D) sense of touch | back 48 A |
front 49 49) Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. A) involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus B) and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters C) is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories D) is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them | back 49 D |
front 50 50) One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place _____. A) is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons C) results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons D) involves two types of glutamate receptors | back 50 D |
front 51 51) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) glia | back 51 C |
front 52 52) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the _____. A) brainstem B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus | back 52 D |
front 53 53) Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) primary motor cortex | back 53 B |
front 54 54) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the dendritic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies | back 54 B |
front 55 55) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies | back 55 A |
front 56 56) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the _____. A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface B) sequence of developmental specialization C) chemicals involved in brain communications D) nature of the blood-brain barrier | back 56 C |
front 57 57) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that _____. A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines | back 57 A |
front 58 58) One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve _____. A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons B) changes in myelination of axons C) molecular and structural changes at synapses D) structural changes to ion channels in axons | back 58 C |
front 59 59) Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by _____. A) preventing temporal lobe seizures B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury C) replenishing missing ion channels D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine | back 59 D |
front 60 60) The brain reward system _____. A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction | back 60 D |
front 61 61) C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating nervous system development with all 302 of its neurons and their effectors categorized. Interesting control mechanisms have been investigated with reproduction, particularly with egg-laying in the nematode. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that the mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying | back 61 B |